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COMPANY NUMBER 01003142
ROLLS-ROYCE PLC
ANNUAL REPORT AND AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022
Contents Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
CONTENTS
COMPANY INFORMATION 1
STRATEGIC REPORT
GROUP AT A GLANCE
2
CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S REVIEW
4
STRATEGY
8
- PURPOSE, VISION AND MISSION
8
- PRIORITIES
9
- EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
10
BUSINESS MODEL
11
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 13
FINANCIAL REVIEW 15
BUSINESS REVIEW 19
- CIVIL AEROSPACE 19
- DEFENCE 21
- POWER SYSTEMS 23
- NEW MARKETS 25
PRINCIPAL RISKS 27
GOING CONCERN STATEMENT 34
VIABILITY STATEMENT 35
SECTION 172 AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 36
DIRECTORS’ REPORT
DIRECTORS 40
DIRECTORS’ INDEMNITIES 40
DIVIDENDS 40
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 40
EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLED PERSONS 41
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT 41
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT 41
POST BALANCE SHEET EVENTS 41
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS 41
DISCLOSURES IN THE STRATEGIC REPORT 42
DISCLOSURES IN THE ROLLS-ROYCE HOLDINGS PLC ANNUAL REPORT 42
MANAGEMENT REPORT 42
RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENTS 43
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 45
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 52
COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 113
NOTES TO THE COMPANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 115
SUBSIDIARIES 140
JOINT VENTURES AND ASSOCIATES 144
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF ROLLS-ROYCE PLC 146
OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION 156
ALTERNATIVE PERFORMANCE MEASURES 158
GLOSSARY 162
Company Information Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
1
COMPANY INFORMATION
Registered office Kings Place
90 York Way
London
N1 9FX
Independent Auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Accountants and Statutory Auditors
1 Embankment Place
London
WC2N 6RH
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
2
STRATEGIC REPORT
The Directors present their Strategic Report on the Rolls-Royce plc Group (the Group), together with the audited financial statements for the
year ended 31 December 2022. Rolls-Royce plc (the Company) is, indirectly, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc. Rolls-Royce
plc is a public company limited by shares and incorporated under the Companies Act 2006, it holds the Group’s listed debt facilities and is one
of the main trading companies of the Group.
Group at a glance
FREE CASH FLOW
1,2
STATUTORY CASH FLOWS FROM
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
UNDERLYING REVENUE
1,2
STATUTORY REVENUE
1
£504m
2021: £(1,48
4
)m
£1,849m
2021: £(25
8
)m
£12,691m
2021: £10,947m
£13,520m
2021: £11,218m
UNDERLYING OPERATING
PROFIT
1,2
STATUTORY OPERATING
PROFIT
1
UNDERLYING PROFIT
BEFORE TAX
1,2
STATUTORY LOSS
BEFORE TAX
1
£652m
2021: £414m
£837m
2021: £513m
£206m
2021: £36m
£(1,502)m
2021: £(294)m
NET DEBT
3
LIQUIDITY
4
£(3,251)m
2021: £(5,157)m
£8.1bn
2021: £7.1bn
See note 2 on page 71 for a reconciliation between underlying and statutory results.
Underlying revenue by business in 2022
Civil Aerospace
45
%
Defence
29
%
Power Systems
26
%
New Markets and
o
ther businesses
Nil
ORDER BACKLOG
1,5
GROSS R&D EXPENDITURE
2,6
COUNTRIES WITH
ROLLS
-
ROYCE PRESENCE
EMPLOYEES
(MONTHLY AVERAGE)
£60.2bn £1.3bn 48 41,800
1
2022 and 2021 figures represent the results of continuing operations
2
A reconciliation of Alternative Performance Measures to their statutory equivalent is provided on page 158 to 161
3
Net debt (including lease liabilities) is defined on page 50
4
Liquidity is defined as net funds plus any undrawn facilities, as listed on page 34
5
See note 2 on page 70
6
See note 3 on page 73 for a reconciliation of gross R&D expenditure to total R&D expenditure
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
3
Group at a glance continued
Our businesses in 2022
CIVIL AEROSPACE
DEFENCE
POWER SYSTEMS
NEW MARKETS
Civil Aerospace is a major
manufacturer of aero engines
for the large commercial
aircraft, regional jets and
business aviation markets. The
business uses its engineering
expertise, in-depth knowledge
and capabilities to provide
through-life support solutions
for its customers.
Defence is a market leader
in aero engines for military
transport and patrol aircraft
with strong positions in combat
and trainer applications. It has
significant scale in naval and
designs, supplies and supports
the nuclear propulsion plant for
all of the UK Royal Navy’s
nuclear submarines.
Power Systems, with its product
and solutions brand, mtu, is a
world-leading provider of
integrated solutions for onsite
power and propulsion,
developing sustainable
solutions to meet the needs of
its customers.
New Markets are early-stage
businesses. They leverage our
existing, in-depth engineering
expertise and capabilities to
develop sustainable products
for new markets, focused on
the transition to net zero.
UNDERLYING REVENUE UNDERLYING REVENUE UNDERLYING REVENUE R&D EXPENDITURE
Large Engines: 70%
Business Aviation: 21%
Regional: 4%
V2500: 5%
Transport: 33%
Combat 24%
Submarines: 21%
Naval: 9%
Other: 13%
Power Generation: 34%
Marine: 31%
Industrial: 25%
Defence: 10%
Rolls-Royce Electrical: 62%
Rolls-Royce SMR: 38%
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING REVENUE
£5,686m
2021: £4,536m
£3,660m
2021: £3,368m
£3,347m
2021: £2,749m
£3m
2021: £2m
UNDERLYING OPERATING
PROFIT/ (LOSS)
UNDERLYING OPERATING PROFIT
UNDERLYING OPERATING PROFIT
UNDERLYING OPERATING LOSS
£143m
2021: £(172)m
See page 19
£432m
2021: £457m
See page 21
£281m
2021: £242m
See page 23
£(132)m
2021: £(70)m
See page 25
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
4
Chief Executive’s review
We must harness the pride of our people to create a more successful company. We will reassert Rolls-Royce as a high-performing, growing and
competitive business that has earned the right to invest in future growth. We are capable of moving faster, aiming higher and delivering stronger
returns for all our stakeholders.
It is an honour to lead Rolls-Royce. There are only a handful of companies whose products have helped shape modern society. From the birth of
transatlantic flight and Europe’s first high speed rail service to the development of the jet engine itself, our ingenuity has helped bring the world
closer together. Our brand is estimated to be one of the top five most reputable in the world and we have strong market share in attractive
markets.
During my introduction to the Company, I have spent time at our largest sites in the UK, Germany and US. Since joining, I have met many smart,
hard-working and dedicated people and what struck me about all of them was the pride they feel in working for Rolls-Royce, in being part of a
story that stretches back for generations. The people I have met are passionate about the products we make, excited about the possibility of their
next invention and invested in our engineering capability. I am proud to be here too and I intend to harness the pride our people have and use
it to create a stronger and much more successful company.
My career has been about partnering engineering expertise with a granular strategy, business acumen and intense performance management.
What I strive to create, and have achieved in my previous roles, is an organisation that thrives on what I term strategic progress. That means
setting clear targets, managing performance with real focus and creating a mindset that is constantly looking to go further and improve the
business everyday.
This needs to happen at Rolls-Royce because, as a business, we must do better. We can move faster, aim higher and deliver stronger returns for
all our stakeholders. It is that potential of Rolls-Royce as a business, not its place as a household name, that was the primary motivator for me
when I accepted the job as Chief Executive.
That potential needs to be realised in an external environment that is changing rapidly. Rising inflation, recessionary pressures, interest rate
increases and supply chain issues are realities that we need to face head on. We need to respond proactively to the major trends around us
including the energy transition, digitalisation and the growth of the middle classes in the developing world. We must ensure that we move at a
greater pace than the world around us and not get left behind.
If the past few years have taught the business community anything, it is that uncertainty and change are the norm. We have seen the pandemic
give way to geopolitical and macroeconomic shocks, causing an inflationary environment and destabilising supply chains. Further shocks cannot
be ruled out and Rolls-Royce must be able to face them in a stronger position than it has held in the past. This requires a stronger balance sheet
to build resilience and to underpin profitable growth opportunities.
I am very confident that Rolls-Royce has the potential to do this but today we are underperforming and we have been for an extended period of
time. Our total shareholder return over the last five years is negative. Cash generation is unsatisfactory. Our debt is too high. Too much of our
gross profit is spent on overheads, interest payments and research and development. We must quickly and significantly improve our cash
generation to strengthen our balance sheet. We need to get back to an investment grade credit rating through organic self-help, building on the
£2bn raised from the disposal programme.
Profit and margins must improve to create a quality business with satisfactory returns on capital employed. Our underperformance is most evident
in Civil Aerospace but improvement is something that all our businesses need to deliver. In the past, Rolls-Royce has relied too much on market
recovery to drive its success and our low operating margins and high cost base mean that we are not resilient enough to external factors when
the environment is unfavourable.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
5
Chief Executive’s review continued
We owe it to our stakeholders to perform better. It will require turning passion for engineering projects into a passion for profitable growth. We
will set clear goals, performance manage with real focus and create a winning mindset. That last element unlocks belief within an organisation
which creates the energy required to deliver extraordinary outcomes.
We need to apply a clear financial framework to, firstly, strengthen our balance sheet; secondly, reward investors with growing returns; and,
thirdly, invest our surplus capital to drive future growth. Improving our cash generation will enable us to pay down debt and deleverage the
balance sheet, in order to position ourselves to return to an investment grade credit rating as soon as possible. This will make us stronger and
give us flexibility to allocate capital to drive growth in the future.
We have to make the right capital allocation choices to grow the business in the most value accretive way. We cannot continue to allocate capital
to projects that have low returns. This will mean capital allocation decisions in line with strategy and centrally allocated capital to markets and
programmes in line with the framework.
Strategically, we remain committed to helping our customers embrace net zero and we remain steadfast in our opinion that Rolls-Royce has an
important role to play in the energy transition. The pace and level of our investment, however, will vary across the business depending on the
market opportunity, fit with strategy and our capability.
We must reward the patience and support of our investors. I firmly believe that generating greater returns for shareholders and investing in
future growth are not binary options. Good businesses do both. For Rolls-Royce to do both, we will need to change. Before addressing how we
will change, we will first look at where we stand today.
Improved profit and cash in 2022
Our financial figures showed an increase on 2021 for revenue, profit and cash. Underlying revenue increased by 14%. Underlying operating profit
was £652m, £238m higher than the prior year, with the increase driven by Civil Aerospace and Power Systems. Free cash flow from continuing
operations of £504m was £2.0bn higher than the prior year, led by engine flying hour recovery. Net debt of £3.3bn was down from £5.2bn at end
2021, due to disposals and improved cash flow.
Increased profits in Civil Aerospace and Power Systems were partly offset by lower profit in Defence and increased investment in New Markets.
Margin growth reflected improvements in long term service agreement (LTSA) contract margins and increased spare engines profit in Civil
Aerospace. This was partly offset by the non-repeat of a foreign exchange revaluation credit in Civil Aerospace and legacy spare parts sales in
Defence in 2021, and lower margins in Power Systems due to cost increases.
Free cash flow from continuing operations improved from an outflow of £1.5bn in 2021 to an inflow of £0.5bn, driven by 35% growth in large
engine flying hours, comparatively lower growth in large engine major shop visits at 19%, and higher Defence cash flow. Higher inventory in
Power Systems saw its cash conversion ratio fall.
In 2023, a continued recovery in our end markets and the actions we are taking give us confidence in delivering higher profit and cash flow.
One Rolls-Royce, winning together
Our guidance for 2023 is, however, only the start of the journey. I see a business that is capable of far more. We cannot rely upon external factors
alone to deliver better results. We have already carried out extensive work benchmarking our Group performance and that of our businesses
against our peers. That work shows there is significant scope for us to deliver materially higher profit, cash flows and returns in the medium-term.
We have now launched a number of multi-year priorities and we are committed to operating a ‘one Rolls-Royce’ model, aligning the whole
organisation behind them.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
6
Chief Executive’s review continued
Our priorities are clear. They are:
– focus on the safety of our people and products;
– significantly improve earnings and the cash potential of the business;
– deliver substantial efficiency improvements;
– improve cash generation and deleverage the balance sheet;
– develop a clear and granular strategy;
– play a key role in the energy transition; and
– engage our people and build capability.
It is imperative that the safety of our people and products remains our top priority throughout this process. In my previous roles, I have been able
to achieve financial resilience and stronger returns while delivering record-setting safety performance. Safety is absolutely paramount to me and
I fully understand how crucial both product and personal safety is within Rolls-Royce, which operates in some of the world’s most regulated
safety-critical industries. We will not tolerate any degradation of standards in the pursuit of efficiencies and, in fact, we will look to improve both.
To realise these priorities and the potential embedded within our business, we have launched the boldest change programme Rolls-Royce has
carried out in many years. Internally, we refer to it as ‘winning together’ a name which signifies that this is about being the best we possibly can
be and that it involves everyone within the organisation. It is not an activity which is the responsibility of one individual project team, it is the
responsibility of everyone in Rolls-Royce. Our transformation programme will ensure that everyone moves at pace and is held accountable for
their deliverables.
The transformation consists of seven workstreams and each of them is led by a senior leader. We are already delivering changes as we work at
pace. Activity on many of the workstreams is already underway and as the year progresses we will look to embed the performance management
and culture we need to ensure long-term sustainable success across the Group.
Efficiency and simplification
We are examining the organisational structure of the Group including synergies that we can harness from our one Rolls-Royce approach. We see
opportunities for footprint consolidation as well as direct and indirect third party efficiencies. While costs were removed during the pandemic,
particularly in Civil Aerospace, this was predominantly linked with the dramatic reduction in flying activity. We believe there remains significant
opportunity to right-size our cost base to deliver sustainable cost efficiencies across the whole Group.
Commercial optimisation
We are bringing a sharper commercial edge to everything that we do to deliver increased profitability of contracts to improve our earnings, cash
generation and returns. This means being rewarded by our customers for the value our products bring and the risks we take. A stronger Rolls-
Royce will be a much better partner, better able to deliver operationally and invest in new products. I have met with a number of our largest
customers already who understand this.
Business improvements
These programmes, now live within each business and led by our Business Presidents, are tasked with building plans to deliver the full potential
of the business. Each business has a resourced programme aligned to our winning together change programme. We have set stretching
performance targets following peer benchmarking analysis and we have already identified performance gaps we must address. Each business will
be able take advantage of the other workstreams in this winning together programme to continually improve and reinforce their plans.
Working capital
This workstream is tasked with delivering a significant and sustainable reduction in working capital across the Group. By deep diving into the
operational value chain and addressing working capital in its component parts, we believe that there are structural improvements available.
Strategic review
Our strategic review process has now been launched. This Group-wide review will decide which areas we are going to invest in and which ones
we will not. This investment prioritisation activity will ensure that we focus on profitable opportunities, in new technologies where we are
differentiated, where the market size is sufficiently large and where there is a good fit and synergy with our existing activities.
This exercise is not about searching for easy wins but about taking tough decisions to create enduring value for all our stakeholders. The result
of this review will be mid-term targets and a strategic implementation plan that we will share in the second half of 2023.
Performance management
In order to succeed in all these areas, our performance management workstream is vital as it will enable us to ensure we are both proceeding
with urgency and on track to achieve our goals. This work is already underway and will formalise as the year progresses. We will manage our
businesses in a tight and timely manner and deliver on our expectations of high performance from everyone in support of our priorities and
strategy.
Purpose and culture
Later in the year we will complement our transformation with our final remaining workstream, purpose and culture. This will embed our purpose
and winning culture throughout Rolls-Royce.
We are already in action across all of these workstreams. It is a multi-year programme that will establish a high-performing Rolls-Royce and we
will start to see the impact of this programme this year.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
7
Chief Executive’s review continued
A new mindset for a winning company
Alongside being clear in setting out the ‘what’ of our change programme, what needs to be done differently and to what ends, we are also being
very clear on the ‘how’, how we go about doing this. Alongside the greater strategic clarity, we have set clear expectations of leadership. While
this mindset starts at the top, it is permeating throughout the business. We are going to hold ourselves accountable for delivery and performance
and we are all team players, working as one company. On a practical level, this means taking a Group approach to making investment choices. On
a more emotional level, it means we are all in this together. We are all passionate and committed to the extraordinary success of Rolls-Royce and,
ultimately, here to make a real difference.
I believe we have the potential to be a much higher quality and more competitive company. The ultimate purpose of this activity is to create a
Rolls-Royce of which all stakeholders can be proud. We have a lot of hard work ahead of us, but we have begun at pace and the potential rewards
for all our stakeholders are great.
Through the actions we are now taking, we will reassert Rolls-Royce as a high-performing and competitive business with strong returns,
profitability and cash flow. That will earn us the right to invest in future growth.
Rolls-Royce has created tremendous engineering solutions in the past which have engendered pride among our people. Now that same pride
will be generated by realising the full potential of Rolls-Royce. I couldn’t be more excited to be part of this team.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
8
Strategy
Purpose, vision and mission
We provide power that is central to the successful functioning of the modern world. As a broad-based power and propulsion provider, we operate
in some of the most complex, critical systems at the heart of global society.
Purpose
Power is vital to the success of our customers and drives the economic development of the world. We create value for all stakeholders by
harnessing the potential of cutting-edge technologies to create safe, cleaner and more efficient power and propulsion solutions.
We operate in some of the most complex and critical parts of the global economy that are central to the successful functioning of the modern
world. Our products and services enable our customers to connect people, societies, cultures and economies together; they meet the growing
need for power and energy; and enable governments to equip their armed forces with the power required to protect their citizens.
Vision
We create industrial technologies using our expertise and an extensive network of partners, suppliers and customers built over many years,
adding to our winning position. We combine distinct engineering disciplines to deliver highly complex power and propulsion solutions in the air,
at sea and on land. The thread linking the Group together is the technical and engineering expertise and commercial skillset required to develop
complex solutions, products and services. We build long-term relationships with our customers through our services offerings and these
relationships ultimately enable us to deliver value for all our stakeholders.
Mission
Global economic development is driving increased demand for energy, international trade and travel. We provide the power that supports that
growth – connecting, powering and protecting society – and we understand that power must be made compatible with combatting climate change.
As our customers increasingly search for more sustainable solutions, we believe the energy transition creates opportunities for innovation and
growth as well as further efficiency in the way we run our operations. It also provides long-term careers for our people and a strong draw for
future talent seeking an opportunity to join a company creating innovative solutions, adding value to our stakeholders and supporting energy
transition.
Our values and behaviours
Trust: We strive to outperform the expectations of our stakeholders. We have
to earn trust every day and always remember it is easy to lose.
Integrity: We live up to all our ethical principles and we demonstrate this by
being true to ourselves and showing honesty and good judgement in all that
we do.
Safety: We put health and safety first. We care about the health and safety
of our people and our products.
Embrace Agility: We explore different ways of doing things, we respond
quickly and adapt to challenges.
Be Bold: We believe in ourselves, push boundaries and speak up.
Pursue Collaboration: We find strength in working together, both inside and
outside of our business, and value the diversity of people and perspectives.
Seek Simplicity: We keep it simple and remove complexity in how we communicate and the way we work.
Strategic review
We have launched a Group-wide strategic review that will help us to identify and assess strategic options, prioritise growth opportunities and
assess current portfolio attractiveness. The result of this review will be a granular strategic plan with clearly defined milestones and key
performance indicators to enable us to measure the progress.
Near-term areas of focus
In 2022, we dealt with external pressures, particularly in our supply chain and the inflationary issues caused by the recovery from the pandemic,
the Russia-Ukraine conflict and economic uncertainty. We are taking the necessary actions to protect our business from the risks of inflation,
supply chain disruption and a tightening labour environment. We see the benefits of productivity and efficiency improvements and expect to see
more progress to come, alongside being ever more disciplined on our commercial terms. In 2022, demand for our products and services continued
to improve significantly, with a record year for order intake in Power Systems, accompanied by continued recovery in Civil Aerospace engine
flying hours and a strong order book in Defence. We continue to capitalise on the opportunities presented by our long-term customer
relationships and installed product base; to grow our capabilities in core markets and create new business opportunities.
Delivering on our commitments
We are delivering on our commitment to rebuild our balance sheet in the medium term. We have completed four disposals since 2020 with the
sale of ITP Aero in September 2022. We repaid a £2bn debt facility in September 2022, significantly reducing our net debt position while
maintaining strong liquidity. In the second part of the year, Fitch, Moody’s and S&P Global upgraded our credit rating outlook which is a stepping
stone to achieving our mid-term ambition of returning to an investment grade credit rating. In 2022, we grew our revenue and made significant
progress on profitability which allowed us to deliver against our commitment to return to positive cash flow. We are also seeing the benefits from
operational improvements. We will work on increasing the momentum by protecting the efficiencies that have been achieved and focus on supply
chain and pricing strategy optimisation, cost control and working capital discipline alongside being more disciplined on our commercial terms.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
9
Strategy continued
We are also delivering against our commitment to simplify the way we communicate our business performance. In May 2022, we held an investor
day to help investors with their understanding of the key drivers of our financial and operational performance and provided more details about
the cost reduction programme and expected near-term improvements. We have introduced a new approach to foreign exchange hedging where
we will carry a smaller hedge book, with a declining percentage of cover over a five-year period, which will mean that market movements in
foreign exchange will impact us sooner. This change is more cost effective, brings us in line with our peers and allows us to anticipate and react
to risks more quickly.
Maximise value from existing capabilities
We are the beneficiaries of years, in some cases decades, of hard work, investing in the development of new products and growing market share.
Across all our businesses, the key driver of revenue is the number of installed products in the market. This provides resilience against original
equipment sales volatility and allows us to increase the scope of our aftermarket reach continuously and to maximise value through the lifecycle
of the product.
This is especially true for Civil Aerospace. We are moving beyond a period of unprecedented investment in new Civil Aerospace engine
programmes, with four new large engines and three new business jet engines launched in the last decade, to a period in which we will realise the
benefits of that effort and investment. Increasing the size of our installed fleet in Civil Aerospace will drive aftermarket revenues which will create
value in the medium term and beyond as older engines in our fleet will be retired and replaced with newer models. We remain focused on our
services strategy to deliver high quality services to our customers while increasing the returns from the installed products by optimising our
processes and operational footprint, reducing costs of maintenance and improving time on wing. There are two key areas we are working on:
firstly, the fuel efficiency improvement of existing and newly developed products; and secondly, enabling our customers to use the products in a
way that is compatible with sustainable fuels. We can pull the technology levers in our control through testing our existing products with new
lower carbon and sustainable fuels and creating upgrade kits, where necessary, to assist adoption.
Growth opportunities
Over many years, Rolls-Royce has built expertise that led to the development of a wide range of technologies and products across various
industries and markets. We are continuously exploring opportunities to develop new solutions for existing markets, applying current technologies
to new markets, as well as entering new markets with new products.
Innovation is difficult in those sectors where emissions need to reduce but it plays a critical role in developing our Civil Aerospace and Defence
businesses. For instance, where our customers around the world are exploring ways to reduce the carbon footprint, there is demand for newer,
more efficient products that are compatible with sustainable fuels. In Power Systems we are working on developing new sustainable technologies
that allow us to tap into new addressable markets and stay competitive in existing markets while helping our customers in their net zero transition.
Our New Markets business, comprising Rolls-Royce SMR and Rolls-Royce Electrical, draws on our existing technological and engineering
expertise and experience in delivering complex solutions while working across a wide range of partners.
Priorities
Our purpose, vision and mission provide an overall framework within which our strategic focus sits. This provides our people with clear
guidance on our in-year priorities.
P
riorities to win together
Link to key performance indicators
1)
Focus on the safety of our people and products G, H
2)
Significantly improve earnings and the cash potential of the
business
A, B, C, F
3)
Deliver substantial efficiency improvements C, D, F, I
4)
Improve cash generation and deleverage the balance sheet B, C, F
5)
Develop a clear and granular strategy D, E, G, I
6)
Play a key role in the energy transition A, B, D, E, I
7)
Engage our people and build capability G, H
Financial performance indicators
Non
-
financial performance indicators
A
Order backlog
G
Customer metric
B
Underlying revenue
H
Employee engagement
C
Underlying operating profit/(loss)
I
Sustainability
D
Capital expenditure as a proportion of
underlying revenue
E
Self
-
funded R&D as a proportion of underlying revenue
F
Free cash flow from continuing operations
See Key Performance Indicators on pages 13 and 14.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
10
Strategy continued
External environment
Conflict in Europe
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has brought large-scale armed conflict to
Europe, leading to a humanitarian crisis with lives and livelihoods lost
and disrupted. It has triggered mass displacement of people, political
realignment and international sanctions, as well as sharp escalations
in food and energy costs. Cuts to supplies of gas to Europe are
amplifying stresses in commodity markets and bring into focus the
importance of secure access to energy; with policy shifting towards
more diversified, increasingly domestic energy supply. The conflict
has resulted in changes to the political landscape, including a re-
appraisal of national security and defence priorities in countries most
impacted by the conflict
Our response
Following the imposition of sanctions on Russia affecting areas of
Rolls-Royce business, and an internal review of our willingness to do
business in Russia, we took the decision in March 2022 to stop doing
business in Russia. All of our activities affected by sanctions, which
were first introduced in February 2022, were stopped immediately.
We are reducing our reliance on Russia for titanium through securing
a long-term agreement with an alternative supplier.
As countries re-evaluate their defence capabilities, we are responding
to customers and we are increasing production capacity in our Power
Systems business to meet increased demand for military power and
propulsion equipment. The need for domestic energy security
sovereignty creates an opportunity for Rolls-Royce SMR.
Economic uncertainty
Global economic activity in 2022 was impacted by a broad and deep
series of issues resulting in lower-than-expected growth and levels of
inflation higher than seen in several decades. The post-COVID-19
global economy continues to face powerful challenges. Initial
problems resulting from high levels of government debt and
post-pandemic supply chain disruption have been compounded by
conflict in Europe, fuelling a cost-of-living crisis, as well as by a
slowdown in China driven in part by continued intermittent
lockdowns. Sustained uncertainty over energy supplies has
contributed to reduced economic activity, particularly in
manufacturing, dampening consumer and, to an extent, business
confidence. Inflationary pressures have triggered a rapid and
synchronised tightening of monetary conditions driving interest rate
rises and a powerful strengthening of the US dollar against most other
currencies. Labour markets remain tight with historically low
unemployment rates and high levels of vacancies. Household debt
levels are rising and discretionary spend falling.
Our response
Diversity in our portfolio helps us to be resilient to short-term shocks.
Throughout the pandemic, our Defence and Power Systems
businesses helped offset some of the impact in Civil Aerospace. We
have taken a number of actions to protect our business from the risks
of inflation, supply chain disruption and a tightening labour
environment through a sharper focus on pricing, productivity and
costs. Many of our long-term contracts, as are common in the
aerospace sector, contain inflation-linked pricing clauses based on
standard indices for energy, materials and wages to mitigate cost
increases. In Power Systems, a shorter cycle business, we have been
able to raise prices in an environment where demand is strong and
margins are closely leveraged to volumes. In Defence, we are working
hard to manage supply chain costs through long-term purchasing
agreements. Across the business we are taking steps to right size,
reduce our cost base and focus investments; and will continue to
manage the current energy and raw material inflation risks through
supplier agreements and hedging policies.
Long-term trends
Despite the turbulence in 2022, underlying longer-term opportunities
and challenges presented by demographics, global economic
development and environmental pressures remain. According to the
UN, the global population reached eight billion in 2022 and is set to
increase to almost ten billion by 2050, with more than 70% of people
living in urban environments. Population and economic growth will
lead to increased demand for power in markets served by Power
Systems. Defence budgets, mainly driven by threat perception and
economic growth, are forecast to grow with at least low single digits
in real terms each year. One key determinant for demand in our Civil
Aerospace business is the number of people in middle and
higher-income levels able to afford air travel. Significant growth is
expected globally but particularly in countries like China and India.
With commitments to reduce greenhouse emissions being
increasingly formalised, while being a tremendous societal challenge,
this will provide business opportunities to bring cutting-edge
technologies to market.
Our response
In Civil Aerospace, we are now positioned to realise the benefits of
having built market position over the last few decades. At the same
time, we are developing technologies for next-generation
aero-engines, certifying our products to be compatible with low and
net zero carbon fuels and beginning research into the longer-term
potential of hydrogen. We have structured our Power Systems
business to address particular growth areas in power generation,
commercial marine and industrial segments. Through our joint
ventures in China and India we are well-positioned to serve these
rapidly growing markets. Our Defence business is well positioned in
new markets that could enable growth beyond the existing core.
Through Rolls-Royce SMR, we seek to bring to scale an affordable,
low-carbon source of power and through Rolls-Royce Electrical we
will pioneer electrical power and propulsion in the emerging
advanced air mobility market. We are working to enable all our
products, on air, sea and land, to be used sustainably.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
11
Business model
We have a business model which we believe creates value for our stakeholders.
Our cross-cutting capability and assets that support our strategy
Brand and heritage
Our brand has global appeal; is enduring; engages a wide range of stakeholders; and is a powerful tool for attracting customers, partners and
talent.
People and culture
We create an environment where all our people can be at their best. We work hard to release their full potential.
Innovation and technology
Delivering highly complex systems solutions has enabled us to build a significant breadth of disciplines; while the nature of our products means
we have acquired extraordinary depth.
Partnerships
We build meaningful relationships with partners across the value chain.
Global network and infrastructure
Our geographic footprint ensures we are able to serve customers wherever they are.
Digitalisation
We use digital tools and skills across our business to drive operational efficiency and quality service.
Business excellence
We drive a culture of continuous improvement.
See our Viability Statement on page 35 and Stakeholder Engagement on pages 36 to 39.
Our competitive advantage comes from:
Cutting edge technologies
Our technologies ensure that our customers have the vital power that meets their emerging needs in an increasingly sustainable manner.
Systems solutions
We integrate individual enabling technologies into complete systems and power solutions, providing customers with the ability to work with a
single partner.
System life
We provide complete through-life support of our products during their lengthy operating lives which creates opportunity from aftermarket
services.
1. Anticipate the needs of our customers
Our focus on building complete power solutions provides the basis for strong customer relationships. Increasingly, our customers are requiring us to
develop more sustainable solutions as they look to make the transition to net zero. Our aftermarket model of through-life support further deepens our
connection with customers.
2. Develop cutting-edge technologies
Our products rely upon cutting-edge technologies, which are generated from intellectual property developed over decades and often in
collaboration with our long-term partners.
3. Design solutions
We harness the potential of design thinking and digital applications to create solutions that generate the greatest value from our cutting-edge
technologies.
4. Develop world-class production capability
We use our production expertise and network of partners to harness new manufacturing techniques and technologies.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
12
Business model continued
5. Grow installed original equipment base
Increasing our installed product base generates both in-year growth and the potential for our business to capture long-term service revenue.
6. Capture through-life value of in-service products
Our substantial installed product base provides a large, diverse and long-term revenue, profit, and cash flow stream.
7. Generate stakeholder value
Our activities worldwide generate added value for a wide range of stakeholders.
PRINCIPAL RISKS
a
–
Safety
h
–
Market
shock
b
–
Business continuity
i
–
Political risk
c
–
Climate change
j
–
Transformation
d
–
Competitive environment
k
–
Talent and capability
e
–
Compliance
f
–
Cyber threat
See Principal Risks page
s
27
to
3
3
.
g – Financial shock
Value creation for our stakeholders
Customers
We develop product solutions that improve the competitiveness and efficiency of our customers (see Business Review pages 19 to 26). Gross R&D
expenditure: £1.3bn.
Investors
We aim to return to generating attractive returns for investors over the long-term.
Employees
We enable them to learn and develop in a style and at a pace that suits them, at every point of their career (see Non-financial KPIs page 14).
Investment in learning and development (hours): 581,505.
Partners
We create partnerships based on collaboration where each partner benefits from the relationship. Spend with external suppliers: £8.3bn.
Communities
We improve the communities that we impact locally, nationally and globally. Hours of employee time volunteered: 48,347.
See Stakeholder Engagement, page 37.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
13
Key Performance Indicators
Financial Performance Indicators
1,2
ORDER BACKLOG (£BN)
UNDERLYING REVENUE (£M)
UNDERLYING OPERATING
PROFIT
/(LOSS)
(£M)
2022: 60.2
2021: 50.6
2020: 52.9
2019: 60.9
2018: 63.1
How we define it
Total value of firm orders placed by customers
for delivery of products and services where
there is no right to cancel. This KPI is the same
as the statutory measure for order backlog.
See note 2 on page 70 for more information.
Why it is important
Order backlog provides visibility of future
business activity.
Link to remuneration
Customer orders drive future revenue growth
which, in turn, enables profit and cash flow
growth. Profit and free cash flow performance
are key financial metrics in the Rolls-Royce
Incentive Plan, accounting for 60% of the
metrics in 2022.
2022: 12,691
2021: 10,947
2020: 11,430
2019: 15,450
2018: 15,067
How we define it
Revenue generated from operations at the
average exchange rate achieved on
effective settled derivative contracts in the
period that the cash flow occurs. See note 2
on page 67 for more information.
Why it is important
Underlying revenue provides a measure of
business growth and activity.
Link to remuneration
Underlying revenue growth maximises the
opportunity to improve profit and free cash
flow performance in the year, both of which
are financial metrics in the Rolls-Royce
Incentive Plan.
2022: 652
2021: 414
2020: (2,008)
2019: 808
2018: 616
How we define it
Operating profit generated from operations at
the average exchange rate achieved on
effective settled derivative contracts in the
period that the cash flow occurs. It excludes
M&A, exceptional items and certain other
items outside of normal operating activities.
See note 2 on page 67 for more information.
Why it is important
Underlying operating profit indicates how the
effect of growing revenue and control of our
costs delivers value for our shareholders.
Link to remuneration
Profit is a key financial performance measures
for our Rolls-Royce Incentive Plan.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE AS A PROPORTION
OF UNDERLYING REVENUE (%)
SELF-FUNDED R&D AS A PROPORTION OF
UNDERLYING REVENUE (%)
FREE CASH FLOW FROM CONTINUING
OPERATIONS
(£M)
2022: 2.7
2021: 2.8
2020: 4.8
2019: 5.0
2018: 6.0
How we define it
Cash purchases of property, plant and
equipment (PPE) in the year for continuing
operations relative to underlying revenue.
Why it is important
This measure demonstrates the balance
between essential investments in
infrastructure and delivering short-term
shareholder returns.
Link to remuneration
Disciplined allocation of capital expenditure
optimises in-year profit and cash flow
performance without compromising
longer-term growth. Long-term metrics in the
Rolls-Royce incentive plan in 2022 and 2023
reward strong financial performance.
2022: 7.3
2021: 7.4
2020: 7.6
2019: 7.2
2018: 7.6
How we define it
In-year self-funded cash expenditure on
R&D before any capitalisation or
amortisation relative to underlying revenue.
Why it is important
This measure demonstrates the balance
between long-term strategic investments
and delivering short-term shareholder
returns.
Link to remuneration
Disciplined control and allocation of R&D
expenditure optimises in-year profit and
cash flow performance without
compromising long-term growth through
innovation. There is a balance of long-term
metrics which reward strong financial
performance and also relative returns to our
shareholders through total shareholder
return (TSR) in the 2023 Incentive Plan.
2022: 504
2021: (1,484)
2020: (4,252)
2019: 865
2018: 568
How we define it
Free cash flow is the change in cash and cash
equivalents excluding: transactions with
ordinary shareholders; amounts spent or
received on activity related to business
acquisitions or disposals; financial penalties
paid; exceptional restructuring payments;
proceeds from increase in loans; and
repayment of loans. Cash flow from operating
activity is our statutory equivalent. See note
27 on page 112.
Why it is important
Free cash flow is a key metric used to
measure the performance of our business and
how effectively we are creating value for our
shareholders. It enables the business to fund
growth, reduce debt and make shareholder
payments.
Link to remuneration
Free cash flow is a key financial metric in the
Rolls-Royce Incentive Plan.
1
The adoption of IFRS 16 Leases in 2019 had no material impact on our financial KPIs
2
2021 figures represent the results of continuing operations. 2020 figures have been restated, where relevant, to show ITP Aero as a discontinued operation in line with 2021 reporting. 2018
and 2019 figures have not been restated
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
14
Key Performance Indicators continued
Non-financial Performance Indicators
CUSTOMER METRIC (%)
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT (SCORED 1
-
5)
3
SUSTAINABILITY
Civil Aerospace –
2022: 43; 2021: 79; 2020: 73.7
Defence –
2022: 33; 2021: 39; 2020: 0
Power Systems –
2022: 43; 2021: 40; 2020: 41.5
How we define it
In 2019, we introduced a new balanced
scorecard of metrics for each business. The
business scorecards include on-time delivery,
engine availability and quality amongst other
indicators. The focus for 2022 has been on the
individual business performance against the
scorecards.
Why it is important
Customer satisfaction demonstrates whether
we are meeting our commitments to our
customers across our businesses. This, in turn,
drives our cash and profitability.
Link to remuneration
This metric accounts for up to 15% of the
individual business incentive outturns.
2022: 3.85
2021: 3.73
2020: 3.68
2019: 3.53
How we define it
In 2019, we introduced a new survey, Gallup
Q12. Responses are scored on a scale of one
to five. The employee engagement score
averages the responses to all 12 questions in
the survey. Our target for 2022 was to score
a grand mean of 3.84. See page 41 for more
information.
Why it is important
Our people are crucial to delivering future
business success. This is an objective way to
assess how engaged our employees are with
the business and its leaders.
Link to remuneration
Employee engagement performance against
our target accounts for up to 10% of the
Rolls-Royce Incentive Plan.
The metrics for the Rolls-Royce Incentive
Plan combine short-term measures which
focus on in-year performance, with longer-
term strategic measures. The sustainability
metric is a longer-term measure with targets
set at the start of 2021, which will form 5% of
the 2023 Rolls-Royce Incentive Plan.
How we define it
Targets for the three-year performance
period ending 31 December 2023 relate to
product compatibility with sustainable fuels.
Why it is important
Proving compatibility of our products with
sustainable fuels is central to our strategy
for supporting customers in the energy
transition.
Link to remuneration
This metric accounts for up to 5% of the
Rolls-Royce Incentive Plan for 2023.
3
External assurance over the employee engagement score is provided by Bureau Veritas
A reconciliation from the Alternative Performance Measure to its statutory equivalent can be found on pages 158 to 161.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
15
Financial review
We delivered on our remaining short-term commitments in 2022. We continue to focus on improving our performance to strengthen our balance
sheet and put us on a path to generate long-term sustainable value for stakeholders.
In 2022, our underlying revenue was £12.7bn, underlying operating profit increased to £652m and we returned to a positive cash flow £504m. We
completed our programme of disposals, achieving around £2bn in total proceeds, which we used to repay debt. Strengthening our balance sheet
is a priority and we remain committed to achieving an investment grade rating in the medium term through performance improvement. Although
our 2022 results were improved year on year, we must do more. We will be bolder with our ambitions in 2023 and beyond as we deliver sustainable
value to our stakeholders. Demand for our products and services continued to meaningfully improve, with a record year for order intake in Power
Systems, accompanied by continued recovery in Civil Aerospace flying hours and progress in Defence, underpinned by key contract wins.
Financial performance
Our financial performance improved in 2022, largely driven by the recovery of our end markets following the pandemic. Large engine flying
hours were up 35% compared with 2021. We generated free cash flows of £504m, a £2.0bn improvement on the prior year, reflecting higher large
engine flying hour receipts, which grew ahead of shop visit events. On an organic basis, underlying revenue improved by 14% and underlying
operating profit improved by 48%, helped by the mix of OE engine sales in Civil Aerospace. In 2022, there was a higher volume and different mix
of large spare engine sales, with more third party sales to capacity providers than in the prior year. Spare engines carry a higher margin than
installed engine sales and accounted for a greater proportion of total engine sales than the 10%-15% we typically expect in a year. Spare engine
sales will be higher than the typical range next year also, as we grow the pool of spare engines to underpin fleet health and improve resilience.
Contractual improvements in 2022 also increased the expected returns on our long-term contracts. These contract improvements trigger the
recognition of additional revenue and profits. These catch-ups are a normal part of our business and are a good indicator of progressive and
sustainable performance improvement.
In 2022, we faced challenges from supply chain disruption and inflation. We are actively managing these headwinds through a sharper focus on
pricing, productivity and costs and we will continue to address these areas as we strive to succeed in a challenging external environment. Examples
of our actions to tackle these issues include our partnership approach with key suppliers, ensuring that we have contractual pricing protection
in place through long-term contracts and the hedging of key raw materials and energy. We are tackling rising costs and supply chain constraints
by repairing and reusing spare parts where we can. We will continue to improve our productivity and efficiency as we remain focused on these
areas, as well as being more disciplined on our commercial terms.
Strengthening our balance sheet
Strengthening our balance sheet remains a high priority. Our net debt was reduced to £3.3bn from £5.2bn. Since 2020, we have completed four
disposals, including the sale of ITP Aero in September 2022 with proceeds of €1.6bn and a dividend of €0.1bn paid shortly prior to completion.
The proceeds of this disposal were used to repay a £2bn loan, which was supported by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance. As a result,
we ended the year with £4.1 bn of drawn debt, all of which is on fixed interest rates and £3.3bn net debt, including £2.6bn of cash and £1.8bn of
lease liabilities. Our credit ratings are currently below investment grade, which is unacceptable and we must address this. We have seen positive
momentum with outlook upgrades from Fitch, Moody’s and S&P Global in 2022. Our liquidity position remains strong with £8.1bn of liquidity and
no significant debt maturities before 2024.
Simplification of reporting
We are committed to simplifying our reporting and the way we communicate our business performance. In 2022, we held an investor day at our
Civil Aerospace site in Derby, UK, which was also streamed online. This event brought to life the changes we have started to make in our business
to reduce cost and improve performance. This additional information, illustrated by a number of examples, helped investors to better understand
the way our business works and how we are focusing on the improvements required to deliver better financial performance.
Other examples of how we are driving simplicity include our new approach to foreign exchange hedging. Historically, we have hedged a declining
percentage of our net foreign exchange exposure across a rolling ten-year horizon, based on our projected net US dollar revenues. Under our
new approach, we will carry a smaller hedge book, with a declining percentage of cover over a five-year period, which will mean that market
movements in foreign exchange will impact us sooner. This change is more cost effective, brings us in line with our peers and allows us to react
quicker to changes in the external environment. We also refreshed our results press release to make it clearer and more concise.
Investing wisely
Capital allocation is critical to generating the right returns from our business. Our first priority is to reduce our debt, accelerating progress to an
investment grade credit rating. We also recognise the importance of shareholder returns, both from investing in high return opportunities and
from shareholder payments, which we aim to resume once our balance sheet is stronger.
We have strict criteria that we follow when considering investments. Firstly, any investment must be aligned to our strategy, taking us in the right
direction to achieve our goals and vision. Linked to this are our strict criteria on sustainability and carbon impact, where investment opportunities
must demonstrate alignment with our decarbonisation ambitions. Secondly, it needs to have a risk and reward profile that generates value. Our
investments aim to generate a combination of near, medium and long-term returns. We are looking to strike a balance of protecting and growing
our established businesses and pursuing long-term growth opportunities.
As we focus on strengthening our balance sheet we will be vigilant with our capital allocation decisions. In 2022, we spent £1.3bn on research and
development, £359m of which was paid for by funding from third parties. Investments made in 2022 included engineering to increase time on
wing for our in-service engines, leading to better aftermarket margins as well as longer-dated investments in new products. Not all of our capital
allocation decisions are based purely on commercial returns. The health of our people and the safety of our processes and products remain the
top priority, where investment will be made to ensure our people can be at their best in a safe environment. In 2022, we approved an investment
to replace one of our ageing Defence test beds with a state-of-the-art facility, ensuring on-going health and safety standards are met.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
16
Financial review continued
Outlook
A continued recovery in our end markets and the actions we are taking give us confidence in delivering higher profit and cash flows in 2023. This
is based on large engine flying hours at 80 to 90% of the 2019 level and 1,200 to 1,300 total shop visits. We expect underlying operating profit
between £0.8bn and £1.0bn, including £100m to £200m of targeted contract improvements (2022: £319m). We expect free cash flow of between
£0.6bn to £0.8bn, which is based on £500m to £700m growth in the Civil LTSA creditor (2022: £792m), a year-on-year headwind of approximately
£200m associated with legacy Boeing OE concessions and around £100m adverse impact in 2023 due to fires at two suppliers’ premises in late
2022 and early 2023. This cash impact will reverse in 2024.
Statutory and underlying Group financial performance from continuing operations
2022
2021
£ million
Statutory
Impact of
hedge book
1
Impact of
acquisition
accounting
Impact of
non-
underlying
items
Underlying
Underlying
Revenue 13,520 (829)
–
– 12,691
10,947
Gross profit 2,757 (264)
58
(74)
2,477
1,996
Operating profit 837 (264)
58
21 652
414
Gain arising on disposal of businesses 81 – – (81)
– –
Profit before financing and taxation 918 (264)
58
(60)
652
414
Net financing costs (2,420)
1,935 – 39 (446)
(378)
(Loss)/profit before taxation (1,502)
1,671 58
(21)
206
36
Taxation 308 (416)
(9)
69 (48)
(26)
(Loss)/profit for the year from
continuing operations (1,194)
1,255 49
48 158
10
1
Reflecting the impact of measuring revenue and costs at the average exchange rate during the year and the valuation of assets and liabilities using the year end exchange rate rather than the rate
achieved on settled foreign exchange contracts in the year or the rate expected to be achieved by the use of the hedge book
Revenue: Underlying revenue of £12.7bn was up 14%, largely driven by underlying revenue increases across Civil Aerospace, Defence and Power
Systems. Statutory revenue of £13.5bn was 21% higher compared with 2021. The difference between statutory and underlying revenue is driven
by statutory revenue being measured at average prevailing exchange rates (2022: GBP:USD 1.24; 2021: GBP:USD 1.38) and underlying revenue
being measured at the hedge book achieved rate during the year (2022 GBP:USD 1.50; H1 2021: GBP:USD 1.39; H2 2021: GBP:USD 1.59).
Operating profit: Underlying operating profit of £652m (5.1% margin) versus £414m (3.8% margin) in the prior year. The year-on-year growth was
led by Civil Aerospace and Power Systems, partly offset by marginally lower year-on-year profits in Defence and increased investment in New
Markets. Statutory operating profit was £837m, higher than the £652m underlying operating profit largely due to the £264m negative impact from
currency hedges in the underlying results. Net charges of £21m were excluded from the underlying results as these related to non-underlying
items comprising: net restructuring charges of £47m; net impairments of £65m, partly offset by the write back of exceptional Trent 1000
programme credits of £69m; and a £22m pension past service credit.
Profit before taxation: Underlying profit before tax of £206m included £(446)m net financing costs primarily related to net interest payable.
Statutory loss before tax of £(1,502)m included £(1,579)m net fair value losses on derivative contracts, £(308)m net interest payable and a net £81m
profit from disposals of businesses from continuing operations.
Taxation: Underlying taxation charge of £(48)m (2021: £(26)m). This reflects a tax charge on overseas profits of £(175)m and a tax credit due to
increases in certain UK deferred tax assets of £127m. Deferred tax has not been recognised on current year UK tax losses. The tax charge in 2021
was driven by similar factors.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
17
Financial review continued
Free cash flow
2022
2021
£ million
Cash flow
Impact of
hedge book
Impact of
acquisition
accounting
Impact of
other non-
underlying
items
Funds
flow
Funds
flow
Operating profit
837
(264)
58
21
652
414
Operating profit/(loss) from discontinued operations
86
–
–
–
86
(43)
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment
1,076
–
(58)
(65)
953
971
Movement in provisions
(197)
91
–
83
(23)
(136)
Movement in Civil LTSA balance
1,158
(366)
–
–
792
66
Other operating cash flows
1
7
3
(53)
–
22
4
2
(90)
Operating cash flow before working capital and income tax
3,03
3
(592)
–
61
2,502
1,182
Working capital (excluding Civil LTSA balance)
2
(3
50
)
(165)
–
(19)
(53
4
)
(80
9
)
Cash flows on other financial assets and liabilities held for
operating purposes
(660)
737
–
–
77
(85)
Income tax
(174)
–
–
–
(174)
(185)
Cash from operating activities
1,8
49
(20)
–
42
1,87
1
10
3
Capital element of lease payments
(218)
20
–
–
(198)
(374)
Capital
expenditure and investment
(512)
–
–
36
(476)
(426)
Interest paid
(352)
–
–
–
(352)
(331)
Settlement of excess derivatives
(326)
–
–
–
(326)
(452)
Other
49
–
–
(78)
(29)
39
Free cash flow
49
0
–
–
–
49
0
(1,44
1
)
-
of which is continuing
operations
50
4
50
4
(1,48
4
)
1
Other operating cash flows includes profit/(loss) on disposal, share of results and dividends received from joint ventures and associates, interest received, flows relating to our defined benefit post-
retirement schemes, and share based payments
2
Working capital includes inventory, trade and other receivables and payables, and contract assets and liabilities (excluding Civil LTSA balances)
Free cash flow in the year was £0.5bn, an improvement of £2.0bn compared with the prior year driven by:
Operating cash flow before working capital and income tax of £2.5bn, £1.3bn higher year on year. The improvement at the Group level was
principally due to higher flying hours in Civil Aerospace. Large engine flying hours increased by 35%, driving a £1.3bn increase in invoiced EFH
receipts (from £2.3bn in 2021 to £3.6bn in 2022). Large engine major shop visit volumes of 248 were 19% higher than in the prior year (2021: 208).
The movement in provisions of £(23)m largely related to utilisation of the Trent 1000 provision and movements in the contract loss provisions.
Other operating cash flow movement of £41m included £36m interest received, the £131m improvement year-on-year was mainly due to lower
pension contributions and higher dividends received from joint ventures.
Working capital £(0.5)bn, £0.3bn better year on year. Supply chain disruption resulted in an increase in inventories through 2022, notably in Civil
Aerospace and Power Systems, which partly unwound at the end of the year. This was partly offset by a net inflow across payables and receivables
reflecting collections of overdue debts in Civil Aerospace (c£180m in 2022), increased advance payment receipts in Power Systems (a c£150m
year on year benefit) and a £63m advance payment received in Defence.
Income tax of £(174)m, net cash tax payments in 2022 were £(174)m (2021: £(185)m).
The capital element of lease payments was £(198)m, £(176)m lower than 2021 (£(374)m). In the prior year the elevated cost was driven by end of
lease payments made on a small number of engines, as well as timing impacts on lease payments, with 2022 returning to more typical levels.
Capital expenditure and investments of £(476)m, comprising £(302)m PPE additions net of disposals, £(202)m intangibles additions, partly offset
by a net movement in investments of £28m. The combined additions were similar to last year.
Interest paid of £(352)m, including lease interest payments, similar to the £(331)m in 2021. Following the repayment of the £2bn UK Export Finance
backed loan in September 2022, we would expect interest paid to fall in 2023.
Settlement of excess derivative contracts of £(326)m, down from £(452)m in 2021. The decrease was in line with previously communicated
guidance and reflects the profile of derivative contracts taken out to reduce the size of the hedge book. In total £710m of excess derivative
settlements are left to be settled between 2023 and 2026.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
18
Financial review continued
Balance Sheet
£ millio
n
2022
2021
Change
Intangible assets
4,098
4,041
57
Property, plant and equipment
3,936
3,917
19
Right of use assets
1,061
1,203
(142)
Joint ventures and associates
422
404
18
Contract assets and liabilities
(10,681)
(8,836)
(1,845)
Working capital
1
2,
632
1,
791
8
41
Provisions
(2,333)
(1,582)
(751)
Net debt
2
(3,251)
(5,110)
1,859
Net financial assets and liabilities
(3,6
25
)
(3,0
09
)
(61
6
)
Net post
-
retirement scheme deficits
(420)
(225)
(195)
Taxation
2,468
1,787
681
Held for sale
3
–
1,305
(1,305)
Other net assets and liabilities
36
36
–
Net liabilities
(
5,657
)
(4,
278
)
(1,3
79
)
Other items
US$ hedge book (US$bn)
19
22
Civil LTSA asset
885
915
Civil LTSA liability
(8,257)
(7,129)
Civil net LTSA
liability
(7,372)
(6,214)
1
Net working capital includes inventory, trade receivables and payables and similar assets and liabilities
2
Net debt (adjusted by £0.1bn to exclude net debt held for sale in 2021) includes £86m (2021: £37m) of the fair value of derivatives included in fair value hedges and the element of fair value relating
to exchange differences on the underlying principle of derivatives in cash flow hedges
3
Held for sale in 2021 mainly related to ITP Aero which was disposed of on 15 September 2022
Key drivers of balance sheet movements were:
Contract assets and liabilities: The £(1,845)m movement in the net liability balance was mainly driven by an increase in deposits, foreign exchange
movements and invoiced LTSA receipts in Civil Aerospace exceeding revenue recognised in the year, partly offset by £360m positive LTSA catch-
ups.
Working capital: The £2.6bn net current asset position was £0.8bn higher than prior year, due to increased inventory of £1.0bn mostly in Civil
Aerospace due to delayed outputs and supply chain disruption and Power Systems to support sales. Receivables increased by £1.6bn and payables
increased by £(1.8)bn primarily driven by ITP Aero being external to the Group at year-end. Other drivers included higher trading volumes
resulting in higher payables and receivables.
Provisions: The £(751)m increase primarily reflected the adoption of the amendment to IAS 37 for Onerous Contracts – Cost of Fulfilling a Contract
which increased contract loss provisions by £(723)m on 1 January 2022. The amendment clarifies that the direct cost of fulfilling a contract
comprises the incremental costs of fulfilling that contract and also an allocation of other costs that relate directly to fulfilling contracts.
Net debt: Decreased from £(5.1)bn to £(3.3)bn driven by the completion of the disposal programme and free cash inflow of £0.5bn. Our liquidity
position is strong with £8.1bn of liquidity including cash and cash equivalents of £2.6bn and undrawn facilities of £5.5bn. Net debt included £(1.8)bn
of lease liabilities (2021: £(1.7)bn).
Net financial assets and liabilities: A £(616)m increase in the net financial liabilities driven by a change in fair value of derivative contracts largely
due to the impact of the movement in GBP:USD exchange rates, partly offset by deals that matured in the year.
Net post-retirement scheme deficits: A £(195)m increase in the net deficit driven by an increase in bond yields and inflation impacting both plan
assets and obligations.
Taxation: The net tax asset increased by £681m, most of which related to an increase in the deferred tax asset on unrealised losses on derivatives
of £329m and certain other UK deferred tax assets of £118m reflecting tax relief that will be taken in the future, based on profit forecasts. There
has also been a £165m decrease in deferred tax liabilities, the majority of which related to a reduction in the UK pension surplus.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
19
Business review
Civil Aerospace
Civil Aerospace is a major manufacturer of aero engines for the large commercial aircraft, regional jets and business aviation markets. The business
uses its engineering expertise, in-depth knowledge and capabilities to provide through-life service solutions for its customers.
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING OPERATING
PROFT/(LOSS)
ORDER BACKLOG
£5,686
2021: £4,536m
£143m
2021: £(172)m
£47.7bn
2021: £41.1bn
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX BY SECTOR
OE: 35%
Services: 65%
Large engines: 70%
Business Aviation: 21%
Regional: 4%
V2500:
5
%
Market overview
The Civil Aerospace market continues to recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, recovery continued and our large engine
flying hours (EFH) were 64% of 2019 levels, a solid improvement from 48% in 2021. The restrictions in China were a key hurdle to get back to pre-
pandemic levels, along with increased staffing for airlines and airports to meet demand in countries that have largely recovered. Business aviation
flying hours continue to be above 2019 levels and original equipment (OE) engine deliveries are increasing as expected with a strong start for
our Pearl family of engines. Industry forecasts for the recovery in long-haul travel are positive with a predicted return to 2019 large engine flying
levels in 2024.
The aerospace market was impacted by the Russia-Ukraine conflict which caused supply-chains to become strained and some raw materials have
been in short supply for the whole industry. We have actively managed the disruption by having diversified sources of supply and through the
use of hedging for near and mid-term price protection.
Inflation risk increased in 2022, with higher costs for energy, raw materials, freight and wages impacting our own costs and those of our suppliers.
We manage inflation risk by having long-term contracts with our customers, suppliers and hedging counterparties and by having a cost aware
culture that focuses on cost saving initiatives and efficiencies. As a result, we were able in part to protect margin against inflation in 2022. Our
actions resulted in improvement in our long-term service agreement margins, which contributed to positive catch-ups in the year.
Market activity for large engine passenger aircraft is now increasing, albeit from a low base as a result of the pandemic. OE deliveries rose by 15%
year-on-year, with 165 Business aviation deliveries (2021: 114) and 190 total large engine deliveries (2021: 195). In 2022, we delivered 44 large spare
engines (2021: 36), which represented 23% of total large engine deliveries (2021: 18%). This is above the typical range of 10-15% of total engine
deliveries, as we grow the pool of spare engines to underpin fleet health and improve resilience. We expect this elevated level of spare engine
deliveries to continue in 2023 and 2024.
Total shop visits were 1,044 versus 953 in 2021. There were 248 large engine major shop visits in 2022 versus 208 in 2021. In 2022, we agreed with
Air China to create a joint-venture overhaul facility that will eventually support up to 250 shop visits per year.
Financial performance
Underlying revenue of £5.7bn was up 25%. OE revenue of £2.0bn was up 23% reflecting higher spare engine deliveries. Services revenue of
£3.7bn was up 26% on the prior year, reflecting higher large engine shop visits, aftermarket revenue growth from business aviation, regional and
V2500, and positive LTSA catch-ups £360m, (2021: £214m).
Underlying operating profit was £143m (a 2.5% margin) versus a loss of £(172)m in 2021. The year on year increase was driven by improvements in
LTSA contract margins, with an onerous provision credit of £51m (2021: a £122m charge) and £319m of positive LTSA catch-ups (2021: £256m), a
higher volume and different mix of large spare engine sales with more third party sales to capacity providers than in the prior year, increased
aftermarket profit, and reduced losses on installed large engine OE deliveries. This was partly offset by the non-repeat of a foreign exchange
revaluation credit of c£140m in 2021.
Trading cash flow was £226m versus £(1,670)m in the prior year. The improvement was due to higher engine flying hour receipts reflecting the
growth in LTSA flying hours, which grew at a materially faster rate than shop visits in 2022. Cash flows in 2022 benefited from the recovery of
overdue balances from airlines incurred during the pandemic of c£180m.
Improvements in underlying operating profit and cash flows were delivered despite the challenges associated with inflation and the supply chain,
which are expected to persist in 2023.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
20
Business review continued
Financial overview
£ million
2022
Organic
change
1
FX
2021
Change
Organic
change
1
Underlying revenue
5,686
1,126
24
4,536
25%
25%
Underlying OE revenue
1,982
374
(4)
1,612
23%
23%
Underlying services revenue
3,704
752
28
2,924
27%
26%
Underlying gross profit
853
359
20
474
80%
76%
Gross margin %
15.0%
10.4%
4.6%pt
4.3%pt
Commercial and
administrative
costs
(371)
(71)
(3)
(297)
25%
24%
Research and development costs
(452)
(15)
(3)
(434)
4%
3%
Joint ventures and associates
113
23
5
85
33%
27%
Underlying operating profit/(loss)
143
296
19
(172)
nm
nm
Underlying operating margin %
2.5%
(
3.8
)
%
6.3%pt
6.0%pt
2022
2021
Change
Trading cash flow
226
(1,670)
1,896
Key operational metrics:
2022
2021
Change
Large engine deliveries
190
195
(
5
)
Business jet engine deliveries
165
114
51
Total engine deliveries
355
309
46
Large engine LTSA flying hours (million)
10.0
7.4
2.
6
Large engine LTSA major refurbs
248
208
40
Large engine LTSA check & repair
455
402
53
Total large engine LTSA shop visits
703
610
93
1
Organic change is the measure of change at constant translational currency applying full year 2021 average rates to 2022. All underlying income statement commentary is provided on an
organic basis unless otherwise stated
Operational and strategic progress
Within our Civil Aerospace business we have a large installed product base of more than 4,100 large engines and around 8,600 business aviation
and regional engines. Around two thirds of these are covered by LTSA contracts, which provide aftermarket services for our customers for many
years. Our order book in Civil Aerospace stands at 1,300 new large engines, due for delivery over the next few years.
OE orders slowed during the COVID-19 pandemic but recovered substantially in 2022 with considerable orders from Malaysia Aviation Group,
Norse Atlantic Airways and Qantas as well as a large order with Air India in 2023. These OE orders also include TotalCare agreements, which will
create value into the future and demonstrate a return in demand, which we expect to continue into 2023.
Increasing time on wing and reducing the cost of our maintenance activities are key value drivers in our aftermarket business model. In May, at
our Civil Aerospace investor day, we talked about how product improvement, life limited parts extensions, enhancing temperature limits and
better aircraft operations are all contributing to a greater time on wing. In addition, utilising lean engine overhaul methods, increased re-use of
parts, more repair of parts and advanced repair technologies are reducing our shop visit costs.
The launch of the Airbus A350 as a freighter aircraft in 2022 was an important addition and gives us significant new opportunity in the freight
market. Furthermore, we are seeing an increase in passenger to freighter conversions on the Airbus A330, which will keep our engines flying for
longer and extend our aftermarket contracts.
As shop visit events return, we will assess the size of our operation and take action where required. We continue to grow our MRO network to
support future shop visit volumes, for example the launch of our new MRO partnership with Air China.
We remain focused on the decarbonisation of the civil aerospace market and we will continue to collaborate with third parties to explore
sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and clean propulsion systems. One of our commitments is to demonstrate that all of our Trent and Business Aviation
engines are compatible with 100% SAF by the end of 2023. All our Trent and Business Aviation engines are already certified and ready to operate
on a 50% SAF blend with traditional fossil-based aviation jet fuels. A recent agreement with Air bp will ensure that all fuel supplied for engine
testing at our Derby, UK, Bristol, UK, and Dahlewitz, Germany, facilities will be 10% SAF. In addition, Air bp will also provide the fuel for the testing
of our UltraFan demonstrator engine, which will be carried out entirely on SAF.
In business aviation, our Pearl 10X engine development programme continues to make good progress. The Pearl 10X, which is the newest member
of the state-of-the-art Pearl family and the first of our engines to power a business aviation aircraft produced by Dassault, has surpassed its target
thrust level on the first test run, making it the most powerful business aviation engine in our portfolio. Furthermore, the development programme
has included rigorous testing of the new ultra-low emissions ALM combustor, which is compatible with 100% SAF. Further progress was made on
our Pearl 700 development programme for the new Gulfstream G700/800, with EASA engine certification achieved in September 2022.
Outlook
Industry forecasts predict a continued recovery in international travel which is a key driver of our financial performance. In 2023, we expect large
EFH to be in the range of 80% to 90% of the 2019 levels compared with 64% in 2022. Business and regional markets are expected to continue to
perform above 2019 levels, with growth year-on-year.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
21
Business review continued
Defence
Defence is a market leader in aero engines for military transport and patrol aircraft with strong positions in combat and trainer applications. It
has significant scale in naval and designs, supplies and supports the nuclear propulsion plant for all of the UK Royal Navy’s nuclear submarines.
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING OPERATING PROFIT
ORDER BACKLOG
£3,660m
2021: £3,368m
£432m
2021: £457m
£8.5bn
2021: £6.5bn
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX BY SECTOR
OE: 45%
Services: 55%
Transport : 33%
Combat: 24%
Submarines: 21%
Naval : 9%
Other:
13
%
Market overview
We continue to be a trusted and key supplier to governments in the provision of defence power for the protection of society, preservation of
peace and in underpinning economic and social stability. We operate with integrity in a tightly regulated and closely controlled industry in the
provision of defence power. We remain long-term partners in the development, manufacture and maintenance of countries’ defences, as we
power critical military assets that deter threats and save lives.
Defence budgets are increasing globally and this increased investment is providing for the long-term success of our Defence business and will
underpin new contract wins to provide robust value to the Group over many decades. However, due to the long life of our Defence products and
the availability and readiness of fleets currently, we are not immediately affected by changes to defence demand and governmental budget uplifts.
The defence market is long cycle, with production programmes spanning decades. Customer contracts typically range between one and five
years and the Defence business has been going through a cycle of renewals. In 2022, contract renewals totalling USD1.8bn were agreed, including
five additional years of support for the US Navy T-45 flight trainer aircraft and C-130J and KC-130J transport airport aircraft for the US Marine
Corps and Kuwait. In addition, in 2022, we won a contract with the UK Ministry of Defence to provide support for our Adour engine which powers
the Hawk Jet trainer aircraft. This 11-year contract, worth £105m, will enable us to provide the maintenance, repair and overhaul of the two Adour
engines in service in the UK.
There was a high level of programme win activity in our Defence business in 2022, with the end of the year seeing announcements that will
underpin the long-term outlook for the business. The Bell V-280 Valor, powered by our AE1107F engines, was selected by the US Army for the
future long range assault aircraft programme. Meanwhile, the governments in the UK, Italy and Japan announced the launch of the new global
combat air programme (GCAP) to create a sixth-generation fighter jet due to enter service in 2035, building on the research and development
progress already made by team tempest. Australia concluded negotiations for the first deliveries of the Australian Hunter frigate programme
which will be powered by our MT30 gas turbine engine.
Financial performance
Order intake in our Defence business was £5.4bn in 2022 versus £2.3bn in 2021, with a book-to-bill of 1.5x versus 0.7x last year. The Bell V-280
Valor, powered by our AE1107F engines, was selected by the US Army for the Future Long Range Assault Aircraft programme. Major contract
awards included the renewal of $1.8bn of services contracts in the U.S. for trainer and transport aircraft over the next five years.
These awards, combined with increased military activity and spending underpin the long-term outlook for the business. Our order backlog at the
year end was £8.5bn, with 86% order cover in 2023 and a high degree of cover in 2024 and beyond.
Revenue increased 2% to £3.7bn. OE revenue was up 10% year on year, with strong growth in Submarines along with new programmes (including
B-52 and UK Combat). This more than offset reductions in services revenue, down 3% due to the non-repeat of legacy spare parts sales made in
2021.
Operating profit was £432m (11.8% margin) versus £457m (13.6% margin) in the prior year, reflecting the non-repeat of £45m of high margin one
time legacy spare parts sales in the prior year and the changing mix of the business. Self-funded R&D and investment levels were elevated, as we
support growth across the portfolio including the UK Future Combat programme and opportunities in North America.
Trading cash flow of £426m improved versus £377m last year, despite slightly lower underlying profit and increased inventory, due to an advance
payment from one of our customers of £63m.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
22
Business review continued
Financial overview
£ million 2022
Organic
change
1
FX 2021
Change
Organic
change
1
Underlying revenue
3,660
78
214
3,368
9%
2%
Underlying OE revenue 1,634 136 87 1,411 16%
10%
Underlying services revenue
2,026
(
58
)
127
1,957
4%
(3)%
Underlying gross profit/(loss) 726 (28)
33 721 1%
(4)%
Gross margin %
19.8%
21.4%
(
1.
6)
%pt
(1.3)
%pt
Commercial and
administrative costs
(174)
(6)
(7)
(161)
8%
4%
Research and development costs
(122)
(9)
(8)
(105)
16%
9%
Joint ventures and associates
2
(1)
1
2
–
–
Underlying operating profit/(loss) 432 (44)
19 457 (5)%
(10)%
Underlying operating margin %
11.8%
13.6%
(1.8)%pt
(1.6)%pt
2022
2021
Change
Trading cash flow 426 377 49
1
Organic change is the measure of change at constant translational currency applying full year 2021 average rates to 2022. All underlying income statement commentary is provided on an
organic basis unless otherwise stated
Operational and strategic progress
At a time where there is heightened focus on military and defence applications, we continue to support our customers in maintaining peace and
providing protection for society. Rolls-Royce does not provide or manufacture weapons for our customers.
Our position in the US has been further solidified with the completion of a major investment programme in our naval facilities in Pascagoula,
Mississippi and Walpole, Massachusetts. These will provide increased capability and capacity to meet US Navy demand for the manufacture of
propellers and propulsion components for their naval platforms. These investments, in addition to the previous investment made in our
Indianapolis facility, mean we are well positioned to provide the US Department of Defence with world-class products and services for decades
to come.
A new market opening up for us is participation in the manufacture of advanced nuclear microreactors for deployable military applications and
base power in the US. We are proud to be a key part of a contract awarded by the US Department of Defense to build the first full-scale
transportable microreactor prototype for delivery in 2024, developing technology which will enable militaries to become untethered from fossil
fuels and increase their energy resilience. The transportable microreactor will also have potential for commercial applications such as disaster
recovery and remote location power coverage.
In the UK, we opened our nuclear skills academy based in Derby to enhance the pipeline of talent in this field. The academy has funding to take
on 200 apprentices each year for the next ten years and will be a key enabler as we explore solutions to satisfy the growing demand of society
for clean, carbon-free energy.
In July, at the Farnborough Air Show, the UK Government’s defence, science and technology laboratory and the UK’s national security strategic
investment fund announced a joint programme to deliver significant enhancements to UK defence capabilities through the development of
innovative hypersonic technologies. Rolls-Royce is partnered with Reaction Engines and the Royal Air Force’s rapid capabilities office on the
hypersonic air vehicle experimental programme which aims to establish the UK as a leader in reusable hypersonic air systems.
In November, the Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engine helped the Royal Air Force and industry partners carry out a world-first 100% sustainable fuel
flight using a military aircraft of its size, and the first of any aircraft type in the UK.
Our Defence site at Bristol, UK became the first Rolls-Royce production facility to achieve net zero carbon status on operational emissions
(excluding product test emissions) during the year. The site utilises a combination of rooftop solar and onsite ground source heat pumps, alongside
the procurement of renewable electricity and gas. A small quantity (<10%) of independently verified carbon offsets were used to achieve net zero
carbon status where there is no immediately viable alternative to mitigating residual emissions, such as diesel usage in emergency generators.
We will apply learnings from the decarbonisation of operations at Bristol, UK, to the wider estate to help support our goal of reaching net zero
facility emissions by 2030.
Outlook
Our Defence business is resilient, with many programmes already in place stretching out over future decades. Our order book is strong at £8.5bn,
and order coverage is 86% for 2023. Increased government spending on military and defence applications provides confidence for the future,
as we look to take an ever-increasing role in the protection of society, whilst pursuing lower carbon solutions for our customers.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
23
Business review continued
Power Systems
Power Systems, with its product and solutions brand mtu, is a world-leading provider of integrated solutions for onsite power and propulsion,
developing sustainable solutions to meet the needs of its customers.
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING OPERATING PROFIT
ORDER BACKLOG
£3,347m
2021: £2,749m
£281m
2021: £242m
£4.0bn
2021: £2.8bn
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX
UNDERLYING REVENUE MIX BY SECTOR
OE: 65%
Services: 35%
Power Generation: 34%
Marine: 31%
Industrial: 25%
Defence:
10
%
Market overview
The short-cycle nature of Power Systems relative to our Civil Aerospace and Defence businesses means there has been a greater degree of
inventory build, due to supply chain disruption as well as to provide a buffer stock to minimise disruption to our customers as we work through
our order backlog. We monitor our supply chain closely and expect these inventory levels to begin to unwind in 2023 as we balance financial
health with meeting the needs of our customers.
Part of the Power Systems supply chain has been impacted by the Chinese economy closing and reopening through 2022. As a result of this, and
industry-wide pressures on the supply chain, our Power Systems business suffered heightened disruption to its production and output. This led
to a larger amount of inventory being held in our Power Systems business, as we waited for parts input to complete orders and ship these to our
customers. The reopening of the Chinese economy and manufacturing facilities across Greater China towards the end of 2022 is a promising
signal that disruption will be more limited going forward. We continue to monitor the situation closely and will take mitigating action to limit
disruption to our customers, whilst maintaining appropriate levels of inventory across the business.
Financial performance
Order intake in our Power Systems business was £4.3bn, 29% higher than the prior year, a record level for the business. We saw strong demand
in many of our end markets, notably Power Generation including mission critical backup power, and for our engine systems and services. As a
result, we now have 76% order cover for 2023.
Underlying revenue was £3.3bn, up 23% and above the previous peak in 2019. Services revenues grew 16% as product utilisation increased in our
end markets, and OE revenue rose by 26%. Sales were strongest in the industrial and power generation end markets, partly offset by lower activity
in China.
Operating profit was £281m (8.4% margin) versus £242m (8.8% margin) in the prior year. The lower margin versus the prior year reflects higher
costs associated with inflation and supply chain disruption, increased self-funded R&D, one-off charges including intangible asset impairments
and write-downs of assets due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, partly offset by the benefit of higher volumes.
Trading cash flow was £158m, a conversion ratio of 56% versus 90% last year. The lower conversion year on year reflects a higher level of
inventories due to supply chain disruption and the pace of revenue growth, partly offset by increased customer advance payments.
Financial overview
£ million
2022
Organic
change
1
FX
2021
Change
Organic
change
1
Underlying revenue
3,347
626
(28)
2,749
22%
23%
Underlying OE revenue
2,187
462
(19)
1,744
25%
26%
Underlying services revenue
1,160
164
(9)
1,005
15%
16%
Underlying gross
profit/(loss)
918
148
(8)
778
18%
19%
Gross margin %
27.4%
28.3%
(0.9)%pt
(0.9)%pt
Commercial and administrative costs
(441)
(62)
4
(383)
15%
16%
Research and development costs
(204)
(49)
2
(157)
30%
31%
Joint ventures and associates
8
4
–
4
–
–
Underlying operating profit/(loss)
281
41
(2)
242
16%
17%
Underlying operating margin %
8.4%
8.8%
(
0.4
)
%pt
(0.4)%pt
2022
2021
Change
Trading cash flow 158 219 (61)
1
Organic change is the measure of change at constant translational currency applying full year 2021 average rates to 2022. All underlying income statement commentary is provided on an
organic basis unless otherwise stated
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
24
Business review continued
Operational and strategic progress
We are focused on being the market leader for mission critical power and propulsion solutions, as we are transforming our business from supplying
stand-alone engines to fully integrated products and services. Key contract wins strengthen our market position and secure future demand.
Notable contract wins include more than 500 mtu engines for the UK’s future Boxer tanks, a service partnership with the Royal Navy and the
extension of a frame agreement with world leading luxury yacht manufacturer, Ferretti Group. These are in addition to the supply of a new large-
scale battery storage system for Dutch energy supplier Semperpower.
Our pathway to net zero remains a priority. This year the world’s first hybrid diesel-battery-electric regular passenger operation train ran from
London to Aylesbury in the UK with mtu Hybrid PowerPacks, reducing CO2 emissions by up to 25%. We also took a 54% stake of German
electrolyzer stack company Hoeller Elektrolyzer to develop mtu electrolyzers for producing green hydrogen. Furthermore, we announced the
development of mtu methanol engines for large yachts and mtu hydrogen engines for power generation.
Last year, we pledged to prove that our most successful engine series can be used with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023. In 2022, we took
significant steps towards meeting our net zero ambitions by reaching key milestones, including the achievement of our series 4000 and series
1600 engines having run on a range of sustainable synthetic fuels.
In 2022, we signed a contract with a solar park with 3.7 MWp capacity in southern Germany, which will generate around four million kilowatt hours
of electricity per year for Power Systems. This power generation source saves 1,300 tonnes of CO2 per year compared to electricity available
through the German grid network.
For our efforts to drive decarbonisation, Power Systems has been awarded the special global transition high potential prize which recognises
companies that have taken practical steps in their strategies to prevent global warming by more than 1.5°C by the year 2100.
We are prepared to support the increasing customer demands for military products as a result of the shift in security policy. We will do this in a
timely and reliable manner, ensuring that our Power Systems business contributes to global security. mtu solutions power many of the vehicles
and vessels on which operational readiness depends.
Outlook
As customers look to ensure a continuous source of power for their applications, we are well placed to take advantage of increasing demand.
Inventory unwind began in 2022 and will continue through 2023.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
25
Business review continued
New Markets
New Markets are early-stage businesses. They leverage our existing, in-depth engineering expertise and capabilities to develop sustainable
products for new markets, focused on the transition to net zero.
UNDERLYING REVENUE
UNDERLYING OPERATING LOSS
EMPLOYEES (FTE AT YEAR END)
£3m
2021: £2m
£(132)m
2021: £(70)m
1,059
2021: >570
VALUE R&D SPEND £
108
M
Rolls-Royce Electrical: 62%
Rolls
-
Royce SMR:
38
%
Market overview
Our New Markets business is made up of our Rolls-Royce SMR (Small Modular Reactor) business and Rolls-Royce Electrical. As we develop greener
solutions for future use, nuclear and electrification applications will play a pivotal role in our product mix and make-up. We continue to invest in
these technologies along with our partners and we use our combined expertise to progress on the path to net zero.
Nuclear power will play a key role in producing sustainable zero carbon power. Our SMRs will enable the production of stable, secure supplies
of power for grid scale electricity supply and off-grid energy intensive users. They are faster to build and more cost-efficient than conventional
nuclear power stations. The modular design means that 90% of the manufacturing can take place in a factory environment, not subject to the
productivity constraints of conventional large nuclear sites such as poor weather. While we await the first firm commitment to deploy an SMR, we
continue to work in parallel through the UK generic design assessment (GDA) process, with a view to having the first SMRs on grid in the early
2030s.
Electrification will assist in the decarbonisation of the aviation industry and the technologies we develop here can be leveraged in our Civil
Aerospace and Defence applications. We pursue solutions on multiple fronts, where small, all-electric aircraft can offer short journeys, with a
more efficient, quieter and zero-emissions power source. As we look to increase the range of the aircraft, hybrid power systems, such as electric
and SAF pairings can provide commercially viable alternative solutions to the traditional larger, regional aircraft market. Within Rolls-Royce
Electrical we continue to build on existing relationships and create new ones, to collaborate with expert third parties to develop electric solutions
as a means of air travel. We also use this engineering capability to support product development in Power Systems, where there is increased
demand for hybrid systems which can leverage our electrical engineering capability in Rolls-Royce Electrical.
There was a tightening of the labour market in 2022, where job vacancies were higher, unemployment was lower and the availability of skilled
workers was lower. As a result, our New Markets business faced greater challenges in filling some vacancies than our other business. Progress
has been slower than anticipated, therefore, but not materially lower to impact our progression against key milestones.
The potential from our New Market products is significant and the technologies we develop in Rolls-Royce SMR and in Rolls-Royce Electrical can
have alternative applications.
Financial performance
Underlying revenue of £3m came from Rolls-Royce Electrical sales relating to marine engineering services and propulsion systems. Both Rolls-
Royce Electrical and Rolls-Royce SMR are early-stage businesses in their investment phase, with significant future revenue generating potential
in the 2030s.
Underlying operating loss of £(132)m increased from the prior year comparative as we increased the pace of investment in both Rolls-Royce SMR
and Rolls-Royce Electrical. R&D costs of £(108)m included £(41)m on the design development to ready our SMRs to enter the UK GDA process and
£(67)m on electrical propulsion technology.
Financial overview
£ million
2022
Organic
change
1
FX
2021
C
hange
Organic
change
1
Underlying revenue
3
1
–
2
50%
50%
Underlying OE revenue
1
1
–
–
–
–
Underlying
services revenue
2
–
–
2
–
–
Underlying gross profit
(1)
(2)
–
1
nm
nm
Gross margin %
(
33.3
)
%
50.0%
(83.3)%pt
(83.3)%pt
Commercial and administrative
(23)
(20)
–
(3)
667%
667%
Research and development costs
(108)
(40)
–
(68)
59%
59%
Joint
ventures and associates
–
–
–
–
–
–
Underlying operating profit
(132)
(62)
–
(70)
89%
89%
Underlying operating margin %
2022
2021
Change
Trading cash flow (57)
(56) (1)
1
Organic change is the measure of change at constant translational currency applying full year 2021 average rates to 2022. All underlying income statement commentary is provided on an
organic basis unless otherwise stated
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
26
Business review continued
Operational and strategic progress
Collaboration will play a key role in our Rolls-Royce Electrical journey, and we look to partner with experts across the industry to further advance
our technology and explore different avenues for net zero travel. We entered into partnership this year with EVE, an advanced air mobility (AAM)
business created by Embraer S.A., to develop propulsion systems for their platform. Together with our existing propulsion partnership, Vertical
Aerospace, we are well positioned to deliver differentiating power and propulsion solutions in this new AAM market.
In addition to the above, we have entered into an agreement with Hyundai Motor Group to bring all-electric propulsion and hydrogen fuel cell
technology to the AAM market. The partnership will leverage our aviation and certification capabilities and Hyundai Motor Group’s hydrogen fuel
cell technologies and industrialisation capability. The benefits of using a hydrogen fuel cell system in an all-electric aircraft propulsion system is
that it is a zero-emission, silent and reliable on-board power source that enables scalability in power offerings as well as long distance flight range.
Jointly we will advance this technology into Hyundai’s AAM vehicles and complete our all-electric and hybrid-electric power and propulsion
system portfolio offerings.
Increased investment in Rolls-Royce Electrical is a key part of our net zero strategy. This year we announced the development of our
turbogenerator technology. A new, small engine designed for hybrid-electric application, the turbogenerator, will extend platform range initially
based upon SAFs and, at a later date, will be compatible with hydrogen fuel. The technology, currently being developed by experts in Germany,
Norway and Hungary, is being part funded by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action.
We have shortlisted three possible sites which will be home to one of our major factories in the production of our SMR components and modules.
Planning processes will be initiated to ensure we can work in parallel and construction will take place once certainty on a domestic deployment
plan has been secured. In addition to factory locations, four nuclear sites have been identified across England and Wales that could host the first
SMR units with sufficient land for around 15GW of SMR deployment across these sites. These are key milestones in the development of our SMR
programme and support our ambitions to manufacture the first fully operational SMR in the early 2030s.
Outlook
In Rolls-Royce SMR, regulatory activities such as the GDA, factory development and siting plans will continue simultaneously as the work to secure
a firm domestic commitment is secured. For Rolls-Royce Electrical, partnership and commercial opportunities will be developed, as we look to
draw upon our own talent and the talent of others to bring our ambition to life.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
27
Principal risks
Our risk and internal control system
The RRH Board has established procedures to manage risk and oversee the risk management system (RMS). The RRH Board has also established
procedures to determine the nature and extent of the principal and emerging risks the Group is willing to take in order to optimise its commercial
opportunities and achieve its long-term strategic objectives.
The RRH Audit Committee reviews the Group’s internal financial controls which form a subset of the broader set of controls. Financial reporting
controls are identified and subject to periodic review by the Group’s internal control team. The RRH Audit Committee, on behalf of the RRH
Board, performs an annual review of our RMS and its effectiveness. During the year, the RRH Board completed a robust assessment of both our
principal and emerging risks. Details of how our principal risks have changed over the year are described on page below.
Our RMS is designed to identify and manage, rather than eliminate, the risk of failure to achieve business objectives and to provide reasonable,
but not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss.
How we manage risk
Risks are identified by individuals across all businesses and functions and at many layers of the organisation by considering what could stop us
achieving our strategic, operational or compliance objectives or impact the sustainability of our business model.
Risk owners assess the risks, likelihood and impact, taking into account current mitigating control activities, identifying where additional activities
may be needed to bring the risk within our risk appetite.
Risk owners consider the effectiveness of current mitigating control activities in their assessment, supported by different assurance providers
including internal audit. These considerations are recorded using a variety of systems and tools depending on the risk area. In managing the
identified risks, judgement is necessary to evaluate the risks facing the Group in achieving its objectives, determine the risks that are considered
acceptable, determine the likelihood of those risks materialising, assess the Group’s ability to reduce the impact of risks that do materialise and
ensure the costs of operating particular controls are proportionate to the benefit provided.
Risk owners bring the results of their assessment, current risk status and action plans to business, function and other management review forums
as often as is required depending on the nature of the risk, for support, challenge and oversight. These forums include the monthly Executive
Team and regular RRH Board and RRH Board committee meetings.
At least once a year the RRH Audit Committee, on behalf of the RRH Board conducts a review of the effectiveness of the RMS and where required
identifies areas for improvement (more details of this review can be found on page 75 in the RRH Annual Report 2022). For key compliance and
safety risks, the Group has a set of mandatory policies and training which set out the expectations on employees and the controls in place. Every
employee is required, annually, to complete training and confirm that they will comply with the mandatory policies. The consequences of non-
compliance are addressed via performance management systems that are linked to remuneration.
During 2022, we have continued to focus on improving our internal control environment for financial and non-financial controls and worked to
embed these controls into our business processes. We expect this work to continue in 2023. It will be complimented by work to prepare for the
changes set out in the BEIS proposals on ‘restoring trust in audit and corporate governance’.
Principal risks
Our principal risks are identified and managed in the same way as other risks. Principal risks are owned by at least one member of the Executive
Team and subject to a review at an Executive Team meeting at least once each year, before a review by the RRH Board or a RRH Board committee.
We have reviewed our principal risks over the course of the year and have updated them to reflect changes to the external environment and our
existing plans. We will continue to monitor our principal risks in light of the strategic review.
Changes in our principal risk levels
We continue to review our principal risks and how we manage them to reflect their evolving nature. We have reviewed our risks in light of changes
to the internal and external environment, in particular economic uncertainty, inflation, supply chain disruption and a tightening labour market;
the current political situation including the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the subsequent cost and availability of electricity and natural gas and
continuing disruptions to global supply chains. Despite the rigorous supply chain management, leaner manufacturing, strategic partnerships,
application of contractual pricing protection, utilisation of our hedge book and continued focus on pricing, productivity and costs we believe the
risk levels for financial shock, market shock, business continuity and political risk have increased since last year.
Increased risk: Financial shock
The rapidly changing external environment, in particular rising interest rates, inflation, energy costs and the changing value of sterling have
heightened the risk of financial shocks to the Group. As planned, the proceeds of the ITP disposal being used towards repaying the £2bn UKEF
loan facility has in part helped to mitigate this risk, as all remaining debt is currently at fixed interest rates.
We use derivative financial instruments to hedge net foreign currency cash flows, which are mainly denominated in USD. In 2022, the RRH Board
agreed to update our hedging policy, reducing the hedging time horizon from ten to five years, which will allow us to react quicker to changes
in the external environment.
Increased risk: Market shock
The likelihood of one or more macroeconomic risk occurring has increased over the past 12 months, with economic growth reducing and energy
costs, government borrowing and long-term interest rates increasing. The combined effect could be to reduce economic growth and disposable
income which in turn could reduce capital investment and the propensity to travel. In addition, high level of debt by national governments, in
particular the UK and US, could, in the long run, temper their spending on defence and funding research and technology.
Increased risk: Business continuity
A combination of supply chain constraints, high inflation, slowing economic growth and the potential for energy shortages in Europe means the
likelihood of supply shortages, or supplier failure, has increased over the year. We have responded by using rigorous supply chain management,
leaner manufacturing, strategic partnerships, application of contractual pricing protection, increasing working capital and reviewing supplier
health and where necessary offering support to key partners. For further information on supplier engagement, see our case study in the Section
172(1) Statement on page 37.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
28
Principal risks continued
Increased risk: Political risk
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has resulted in heightened political risk to the Group. As outlined on page 10, we took the decision to stop doing
business in Russia and to reduce the supply of titanium from Russia.
New and retired risks
In light of our transformation programme outlined on page 5, we have replaced our previous strategic transformation risk with a revised risk
relating to the execution of this programme.
Other specific risks
Human capital: our approach to human capital is demonstrated in our ‘Being’ campaign set out on page 37.
Human trafficking and slavery: our approach is set out in our human rights policy.
Our current principal risks together with how we manage them, how we assure them (by activities and functions other than internal audit), the
oversight provided by the RRH Board and/or RRH Board committees and how the risk levels have changed over the course of the year are set
out in the table below.
Emerging risks
We continue to review additional emerging risks that could significantly impact or challenge our current strategy and business model. Any
emerging risks identified have been recorded in our RMS and are being managed and monitored alongside our existing risks.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
29
Principal risks continued
How we manage principal risks
RISK CONTROLS
ASSURANCE
ACTIVITIES
AND
PROVIDERS
OVERSIGHT
FORUM
BUSINESS
MODEL CHANGE
Safety
Failure to:
i) meet the expectations of our
customers to provide safe products; or
ii) create a place to work which
minimises the risk of harm to our people,
those who work with us, and the
environment, would adversely affect our
reputation and long-term sustainability.
Product
 Our product safety management
system includes controls designed
to reduce our safety risks as far as
is reasonably practicable and to
meet or exceed relevant company,
legal, regulatory and industry
requirements.
 We verify and approve product
design.
 We test adherence to quality
standards during manufacturing.
 We validate conformance to
specification for our own products
and those of our suppliers.
 We mandate safety awareness
training.
 We use engine health monitoring
to provide early warning of
product issues.
 We take out relevant and
appropriate insurance.
Product
safety
assurance
team
Technical
product life
cycle audits
RRH Safety,
Ethics &
Sustainability
Committee
Product
safety board
2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7
Static
People
 Our HSE management system
includes activities and controls
designed to reduce our safety risks
as far as is reasonably practicable
and to meet or exceed relevant
company, legal, regulatory and
industry requirements.
 We reinforce our journey to zero
harm.
 We use our crisis management
framework.
People safety
case
interventions
HSE audit
team
RRH Safety,
Ethics &
Sustainability
Committee
2, 3, 4
Business continuity
The major disruption of the Group’s
operations, which results in our failure
to meet agreed customer commitments
and damages our prospects of winning
future orders. Disruption could be
caused by a range of events, for
example: extreme weather or natural
hazards (for example earthquakes,
floods) which could increase in severity
or frequency given the impact of climate
change; political events; financial
insolvency of a critical supplier; scarcity
of materials; loss of data; fire; or
infectious disease. The consequences of
these events could have an adverse
impact on our people, our internal
facilities or our external supply chain.
 We invest in capacity, equipment
and facilities, dual sources of
supply and in researching
alternative materials.
 We provide supplier finance in
partnership with banks to enable
our suppliers to access funds at
low interest rates.
 We hold safety stock.
 We plan and practice IT disaster
recovery, business continuity and
crisis management exercises.
 We undertake supplier diligence.
 We take out relevant and
appropriate insurance.
Investment
reviews
Supplier
strategy and
sourcing
reviews
Group
security and
resilience
team
RRH Audit
Committee
4, 5, 6, 7 Increased
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
30
Principal risks continued
RISK
CONTROLS
ASSURANCE
ACTIVITIES
AND
PROVIDERS
OVERSIGHT
FORUM
BUSINESS
MODEL
CHANGE
Climate change
We have committed to net zero carbon
by 2050. The principal risk to meeting
these commitments is the need to
transition our products and services to
a lower carbon economy. Failure to
transition from carbon intensive
products and services at pace could
impact our ability to win future business;
achieve operating results; attract and
retain talent; secure access to funding;
realise future growth opportunities; or
force government intervention to limit
emissions.
In addition, physical risks from extreme
weather events (and/or natural hazards)
could potentially materialise, which may
result in disruption for Rolls-Royce.
 We invest in: i) reducing carbon
impact of existing products; and ii)
zero carbon technologies to
replace our existing products.
 Performance of climate scenario
modelling and physical risk impact
assessments.
 We balance our portfolio of
products, customers and revenue
streams to reduce our
dependence on any one product,
customer or carbon emitting fuel
source.
 Communication of the actions we
are taking to manage this risk, in
order to demonstrate our
alignment to societal expectations
and global climate goals.
 In June 2022, we developed and
submitted new science-based
decarbonisation targets to the
Science-Based Targets initiative
for validation.
Strategy
reviews
Technology
reviews
Investment
reviews
Group
sustainability
team
RRH Board
and its
committees
Executive
Team and its
committees
Climate
steering
committee
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7
Static
Competitive environment
Existing competitors: the presence of
competitors in the majority of our
markets means that the Group is
susceptible to significant price pressure
for original equipment or services and
we may have to absorb cost increases
caused by high inflation. Our main
competitors have access to significant
government funding programmes as
well as the ability to invest heavily in
technology and industrial capability.
Existing products: failure to achieve
cost reduction, contracted technical
specification, product (or component)
life or falling significantly short of
customer expectations, would have
potentially significant adverse financial
and reputational consequences,
including the risk of impairment of the
carrying value of the Group’s intangible
assets and the impact of potential
litigation.
New programmes: failure to deliver an
NPI project on time, within budget, to
technical specification or falling
significantly short of customer
expectations would have potentially
significant adverse financial and
reputational consequences.
Disruptive technologies (or new
entrants with alternative business
models): could reduce our ability to
sustainably win future business, achieve
operating results and realise future
growth opportunities.
 We review product lifecycles.
 We make investment choices to
improve the quality, delivery and
durability of our existing products
and services and to develop new
technologies and service offering
to differentiate us competitively.
 We protect our intellectual
property (e.g. through patents).
 We monitor our performance
against plans.
 We scan the horizon for emerging
technology and other competitive
threats, including through patent
searches.
 Inclusion of inflation clauses in our
contracts to manage cost
increases.
 Investment in R&D opportunities,
to support the development of new
products or services to protect
and sustain our future market.
Strategy
reviews
Technology
reviews
Investment
reviews
RRH Board
RRH Science
& Technology
Committee
Investment
review
committee
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7
Static
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
31
Principal risks continued
RISK
CONTROLS
ASSURANCE
ACTIVITIES
AND
PROVIDERS
OVERSIGHT
FORUM
BUSINESS
MODEL
CHANGE
Compliance
Non-compliance by the Group with
legislation or other regulatory
requirements in the heavily regulated
environment in which we operate (for
example, export controls; data
privacy; use of controlled chemicals
and substances; anti-bribery and
corruption; human rights; and tax and
customs legislation). This could affect
our ability to conduct business in
certain jurisdictions and would
potentially expose the Group to:
reputational damage; financial
penalties; debarment from
government contracts for a period of
time; and suspension of export
privileges (including export credit
financing), each of which could have
a material adverse effect.
 We continuously develop and
communicate a comprehensive suite
of mandatory policies and processes
and controls throughout the Group
 We undertake third-party due
diligence
 We encourage, facilitate and
investigate speak up cases
 We investigate potential regulatory
matters
 Our financial control framework
activities are designed to reduce
financial reporting and fraud risks
 We classify data to meet internal and
external requirements and standards
Compliance
teams
Financial
controls team
RRH Safety,
Ethics &
Sustainability
Committee
2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7
Static
Cyber threat
An attempt to cause harm to the
Group, its customers, suppliers and
partners through the unauthorised
access, manipulation, corruption, or
destruction of data, systems or
products through cyberspace.
 We deploy web gateways, filtering,
firewalls, intrusion, advanced
persistent threat detectors and
integrated reporting.
 We test software.
 We use our crisis management
framework.
 Application of our crisis management
framework to govern our response to
potential cyber security incidents and
significant IT disruption.
Group cyber
security team
and security
operations
centre
RRH Audit
Committee
RRH Data
security sub-
committee
2, 3, 4, 6,
7
Static
Financial shock
The Group is exposed to a number of
financial risks, some of which are of a
macroeconomic nature (for example
foreign currency, interest rates, high
inflation and commodity prices) and
some of which are more specific to
the Group (for example liquidity and
credit risks).
Significant extraneous market events
could also materially damage the
Group’s competitiveness and/or
creditworthiness and our ability to
access funding. This would affect
operational results or the outcomes of
financial transactions.
 Our financial control framework
activities are designed to reduce
financial reporting risks.
 Group strategic planning process.
 We incorporate trends, demand and
other dependencies in our financial
forecasts.
 We analyse currency and credit
exposures and include in sourcing
and funding decisions.
 We develop, review and
communicate treasury policies that
are designed to hedge residual risks
using financial derivatives (covering
foreign exchange, interest rates and
commodity price risk).
 We raise finance through debt and
equity programmes. All drawn debt is
currently set at fixed interest rates.
Strategy
reviews
Finance risk
committee
Financial
controls team
RRH Audit
Committee
1, 7 Increased
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
32
Principal risks continued
RISK
CONTROLS
ASSURANCE
ACTIVITIES
AND
PROVIDERS
OVERSIGHT
FORUM
BUSINESS
MODEL
CHANGE
Market shock
The Group is exposed to a number of
market risks, some of which are of a
macroeconomic nature (e.g.
economic growth rates) and some of
which are more specific to the Group
(for example, reduction in air travel
or defence spending, or disruption to
other customer operations). A large
proportion of our business is reliant
on the civil aviation industry, which is
cyclical in nature.
Demand for our products and
services could be adversely affected
by factors such as current and
predicted air traffic, fuel prices and
age/replacement rates of customer
fleets.
 We monitor trends, market demand
and future market forecasts and make
investment choices to maximise the
related opportunities.
 We incorporate trends, demand and
other dependencies in our financial
forecasts.
 We balance our portfolio with the sale
of original equipment and aftermarket
services, providing a broad product
range and addressing diverse markets
that have differing business cycles.
 We execute our short, medium and
longer-term plans.
Strategy
reviews
Technology
reviews
RRH Board
1, 5, 6 ,7 Increased
Political risk
Geopolitical factors that lead to an
unfavourable business climate and
significant tensions between major
trading parties or blocs which could
impact the Group’s operations.
Examples include: changes in key
political relationships; explicit trade
protectionism, differing tax or
regulatory regimes, potential for
conflict or broader political issues;
and heightened political tensions.
 We develop Group and country
strategies and consider associated
dependencies.
 We horizon scan for political
implications and dependencies.
 We include diversification
considerations in our investment and
procurement choices.
Strategy
reviews
Technology
reviews
Supplier
sourcing teams
Government
relations teams
RRH Board
1, 2, 5, 6, 7 Increased
Transformation
Our transformation programme
incorporating a strategic review, is
outlined on page 5.
Failure to execute the plan
underpinning this programme will
prevent us from achieving our
longer-term ambitions.
 Completing internal and external
assessments and benchmarking as
part of the strategic review.
 Financial modelling, scenario
planning and sensitivity analysis.
 Allocating cash and capital in
accordance with our revised
frameworks.
Strategy and
business
performance
reviews
RRH Board
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7
New risk
Talent and capability
Inability to identify, attract, retain and
apply the critical capabilities and
skills needed in appropriate numbers
to effectively organise, deploy and
incentivise our people would
threaten the delivery of our
strategies.
 We undertake succession planning
and monitor the talent pipeline.
 We survey employee opinion.
 We develop, implement and review
strategic resourcing plans.
People
leadership
team
RRH
Nominations
&
Governance
Committee
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7
Static
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
33
Principal risks continued
With consideration to the nature and potential impact of our principal risks, our associated level of exposure has been assessed, and accordingly
our timeline of exposure determined. As per the summary below, each of our principal risks will continue to be monitored and managed in line
with this determined timeline.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
34
Going concern statement
Overview
In adopting the going concern basis for preparing the consolidated and Company financial statements, the Directors have undertaken a review
of the Group’s cash flow forecasts and available liquidity, along with consideration of the principal risks and uncertainties over an 18-month period
from the date of this report to August 2024. The Directors consider this 18-month period to be appropriate as it includes the maturity of £1bn of
the Group’s £5.5bn undrawn borrowing facilities in January 2024 and the repayment at maturity of a €550m (£484m) bond in May 2024.
The plans approved by the RRH Board are used as the basis for monitoring the Group’s performance, incentivising employees and providing
external guidance to shareholders.
The processes for identifying and managing risk are described on pages 27 to 33. As described on those pages, the risk management process
and the going concern and viability statements are designed to provide reasonable but not absolute assurance.
Forecasts
Recognising the challenges of reliably estimating and forecasting the impact of external factors on the Group, the Directors have considered two
forecasts in the assessment of going concern, along with a likelihood assessment of these forecasts. The base case forecast reflects the Directors
current expectations of future trading. A stressed downside forecast has also been modelled, which envisages a ‘stressed’ or ‘downside’ situation
that is considered severe but plausible.
The Group’s base case forecast reflects a steady and ongoing recovery of trading towards pre-pandemic levels, especially in the civil aviation
industry. Macro-economic assumptions have been modelled using externally available data based on the most likely forecasts, with inflation at
3%-4%, interest rates at 4%-6% and GDP growth at around 2%. In the base case forecast, Civil Aerospace large engine EFHs are expected to
recover to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2024.
The stressed downside forecast assumes no further recovery in Civil Aerospace large engines, with EFHs modelled at the average fourth quarter
2022 levels throughout the 18-month period to August 2024, reflecting slower GDP growth in this forecast when compared with the base case. It
also assumes a more pessimistic view of inflation at around 6% higher than the base case covering a broad range of costs including energy,
commodities and jet fuel. Interest rates in the stressed downside are 1%-2% higher than the base case. The stressed downside also considers lower
demand and load reduction through our factories, and possible ongoing supply chain challenges.
The future impact of climate change on the Group has been considered through climate scenarios. Key variables include carbon prices based on
the IEA Net Zero scenario, which assumes an increase from $46 per tonne of carbon in 2022 to $250 per tonne in 2050, commodity price trends
temperature rises and GDP information derived from the Oxford Economics Global Climate Net Zero scenario aligned to IPCC SSPI-19. The climate
scenarios modelled do not have a material impact on either the base case or downside forecast over the 18-month period to August 2024.
Liquidity and borrowings
The proceeds from the disposal of ITP Aero, which completed in September 2022, were used towards the repayment of a drawn £2bn UKEF loan
which was due to mature in August 2025. A new £1bn UKEF facility was entered into in September 2022, which remains undrawn.
At 31 December 2022, the Group had liquidity of £8.1bn including cash and cash equivalents of £2.6bn and undrawn facilities of £5.5bn.
The Group’s committed borrowing facilities at 31 December 2022 and 31 August 2024 are set out below. None of the facilities are subject to any
financial covenants or rating triggers which could accelerate repayment.
£m 31 December 2022
31 August 2024
Issued Bond Notes
1
3,995
3,511
UKEF £1bn loan (undrawn)
2
1,000 1,
000
UKEF £1bn loan (undrawn)
3
1,000
1,000
Revolving Credit Facility (undrawn)
4
2,500
2,500
Bank Loan Facility (undrawn)
5
1,000
–
Total committed borrowing facilities 9,495
8,011
1
The value of Issued bond notes reflects the impact of derivatives on repayments of the principal amount of debt. The bonds mature by May 2028
2
The £1,000m UKEF loan matures in March 2026 (currently undrawn)
3
The £1,000m UKEF loan matures in September 2027 (currently undrawn)
4
The £2,500m revolving credit facility matures in April 2025 (currently undrawn)
5
The £1,000m bank loan facility matures in January 2024 (currently undrawn)
Taking into account the maturity of these borrowing facilities, the Group has committed facilities of at least £8.0bn available throughout the
period to 31 August 2024.
Conclusion
After reviewing the current liquidity position and the cash flow forecasts modelled under both the base case and stressed downside, the Directors
consider that the Group has sufficient liquidity to continue in operational existence for a period of at least 18 months from the date of this report
and are therefore satisfied that it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the consolidated and Company
financial statements.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
35
Viability statement
The viability assessment considers liquidity over a longer period than the going concern assessment. Our downside forecast uses the same
assumptions as the going concern assessment for the first 18 months and in 2025 to 2027 assumes a slower recovery than assumed in our base
case.
Consistent with previous years, we have assessed our viability over a five-year period which is in line with our five-year planning process. We
continue to believe that this is the most appropriate time period to consider as, inevitably, the degree of certainty reduces over any longer period.
We have created severe but plausible scenarios that estimate the potential impact of our principal risks arising over the assessment period
(descriptions of our principal risks and the controls in place to mitigate them can be found on pages 27 to 33). The risks chosen and scenarios
used are as shown in the table below.
The cash flow impacts of these scenarios were overlaid on the five-year forecast to assess how the Group’s liquidity would be affected.
The scenarios assume an appropriate management response to the specific event which could be undertaken and also consider specific activities
to improve liquidity such as raising additional funds, reducing expenditure and divesting parts of our business.
Reverse stress testing has also been performed to assess the severity of scenarios that would have to occur to exceed liquidity headroom. The
assumptions used in these stress tests were not considered plausible, as shown in the table below.
On the basis described above, the Board confirms that it has a reasonable expectation that the Company will be able to continue in operation
and meet its liabilities as they fall due over the next five years. In making this statement, the Directors have made the following key assumptions:
 the Group is able to refinance maturing debt facilities and drawdown existing available facilities as required. Debt maturities over the
assessment period are as follows:
 £1,000m bank loan facility maturing in 2024*
 €550m bond maturing in 2024
 £2,500m revolving credit facility maturing in 2025*
 $1,000m bond maturing in 2025
 £1,000m UKEF loan maturing in 2026*
 £1,000m UKEF loan maturing in 2027*
 €750m bond maturing in 2026
 £375m bond maturing in 2026
 $1bn bond maturing in 2027
 £545m bond maturing in 2027;
 the Group has access to global debt markets and expects to be able to refinance these debt facilities on commercially acceptable terms;
 that implausible scenarios do not occur. Implausible scenarios include either multiple risks impacting at the same time or where management
actions do not mitigate an individual risk to the degree assumed; and
 that in the event of one or more risks occurring (which has a particularly severe effect on the Group) all potential actions (such as but not
limited to restricting capital and other expenditure to only committed and essential levels, reducing or eliminating discretionary spend,
reinstating pay deferrals, raising additional funds through debt or equity raises, executing disposals and undertaking further restructuring)
would be taken on a timely basis.
The Group believes it has the early warning mechanisms to identify the need for such actions and, as demonstrated by our decisive actions over
the course of the pandemic, has the ability to implement them on a timely basis if necessary.
Principal risk
Scenario assumptions and impacts
Safety Civil Aerospace product safety event resulting in aircraft being grounded, lower engine flying hour revenues,
commercial penalties and additional costs (e.g. unplanned shop visits). The grounding time and number of shop
visits required to exceed headroom are considered remote
.
Business continuity The loss of a key element of our supply chain resulting in an inability to fulfil Civil Aerospace large engine orders
for 12 months. Reverse stress testing would require the time over which orders could not be fulfilled to be
extended beyond
what we consid
er plausible
.
Climate change This scenario is described in more detail against strategy part c of our TCFD disclosures as set out on page 33 in
the RRH Annual Report 2022
.
Competitive environment A programme issue on a major programme of the same (proportionate) scale as Trent 1000. The extent to which
engine life would need to be impacted to breach headroom is considered remote
.
Compliance A compliance breach resulting in fines (greater than those agreed as part of our DPAs) and loss of new business
with governments and state-owned companies. The probability of the size of the fine required to exceed
headroom is considered remote
.
Cyber threat A cyber attack resulting in loss and corruption of data and leading to the loss of EFHs. The time period over
w
hich EFHs would need to be affected to breach headroom is not considered plausible
.
Financial shock
Inability to refinance debt when it matures (in combination with other risks)
.
Market shock
Captured in our downside forecast (described above)
.
Political risk Sanctions imposed between major trading blocs resulting in supply chain disruption and a loss of sales in
impacted markets. Reverse stress testing would require sanctions to persist over a period of time which is not
considered plausible
.
* currently undrawn facilities
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
36
Section 172 and stakeholder engagement
All of our Directors are briefed on their Companies Act 2006 duties during their induction. Our section 172 (s172) statement below sets out how
the Directors have discharged their s172 duty. The Directors recognise the responsibility to all our different but interrelated stakeholder groups
and wider society. We recognise that effective engagement with a broad range of our stakeholders is essential for the long-term success of the
business and we aim to create value for our stakeholders every day by maintaining levels of business conduct that are aligned to our values and
our purpose.
The likely consequences of any decision in the long term
During the year, the Directors considered the Group’s strategic direction. This, in turn, creates long-term value for shareholders, recognising that
the longer-term success of our business depends on the effects of our business activities on wider society. In a year marked by external shocks,
both geopolitical and macro-economic, the RRH Board discussions focused on the labour environment, implications of supply chain disruption
and the impact of the swift withdrawal from Russia, including the longer-term reliance on Russia for key materials such as titanium.
The interests of the Company’s employees
The Directors recognise that the success of our business depends on attracting, retaining and motivating talented people. The Directors consider
and assess the implications of decisions on our people, where relevant and feasible. The swift withdrawal from Russia resulted in employees being
relocated and the Directors spoke with impacted colleagues during a site visit to Friedrichshafen, Germany. The Directors seek to ensure that the
Company remains a responsible employer, including with respect to pay and benefits, health and safety issues, the workplace environment and
engagement with the unions. A case study on our ‘Being’ campaign can be found on page 37.
The need to foster the Company’s business relationships with suppliers, customers, and others
Delivering our strategy requires a strong, mutual and beneficial relationship with suppliers, customers, governments and joint venture partners.
The Directors receive updates on engagement across the Group. A case study on the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on procurement can
be found on page 38.
The impact of the Company’s operations on the community and the environment
The Directors receive information through Group-level reviews on various topics to help the Directors make decisions relating to net zero
ambitions and proposals to divest or invest. In addition, initiatives taken during the year, including one-off payments to employees in light of the
economic climate were taken. A case study on the Unnati STEM programmes in India can be found on page 38.
The desirability of the Company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct
The Directors review and approves our ethics and compliance frameworks. We updated our human rights policy during 2022. This, in conjunction
with the Directors monitoring compliance with governance standards, helps to ensure that Board-level decisions and the actions of our
subsidiaries promote high standards of business conduct. Our Code of Conduct, supplier code and modern slavery statements ensure high
standards are approved and can be found on www.rolls-royce.com.
The need to act fairly between members of the Company
After weighing up all relevant factors, the Directors consider which course of action best enables delivery of our strategy through the long
term, taking into consideration the effect on the Group’s stakeholders.
Examples of engagement with our key stakeholder groups
People
The Directors recognise that it is through our people that we fulfil our potential, achieve our vision and execute our strategy. During 2022, the
RRH Board’s Employee Champions, Beverly Goulet, Wendy Mars and Lee Hsien Yang, ensured the voice of our people was heard in the boardroom.
The Employee Champions provide regular feedback to the RRH Board on topics of interest and/or concern. This provides a valuable link between
our people and the Directors. We believe that these methods of engagement with our people are effective in building and maintaining trust and
communication, whilst providing our people with a forum to influence change in relation to matters that affect them.
The Meet the Board event during 2022, enabled around 100 colleagues to ask the RRH Board questions relating to their personal experiences,
work life balance and other cultural topics, including imposter syndrome. Feedback from both colleagues and the RRH Board was overwhelmingly
positive.
The Employee Champions continue to meet regularly with the employee stakeholder engagement committee, which provides support for their
focus on employee engagement. The Employee Champions also met with many of the employee resource groups (ERG) during the year. At the
Asia-Pacific ERG there was active discussion on LGBTQ+, as well as debates on whether some cultures were not as open to everyone’s differences.
Culture was also a key theme at the North American ERG, with discussion on the importance of authentic and inclusive leaders. Feedback from
the ERG sessions contributed to positive action being taken, including a dotted-line reporting route for ERGs into the global head of inclusion
demonstrating leadership support. In addition, during 2022 there were several in-person and virtual site events, including a site visit to
Friedrichshafen, Germany, in September. In addition, Wendy visited Indianapolis, US, to discuss diversity & inclusion with a focus on hybrid
working with positive feedback shared on the Group’s approach to flexible working. Wendy also visited Washington, UK, where employees
discussed innovation and the automation of shop floor processes.
In addition, the RRH Board engaged with CCLA Investment Management on cost of living and mental health. During the year, the RRH Board
received updates on ongoing matters with the unions across our operations, together with related strike action in Canada. These updates
influenced Board discussion and debate. Given the current economic situation with social pressures and cost of living, it was agreed that a one-off
payment would be made to employees in some of our larger locations.
Many of our people are also shareholders of RRH and we encourage their participation in a variety of share plans.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
37
Section 172 and stakeholder engagement continued
Customers
The Directors recognise that the quality of the Group’s customer relationships is based on mutual trust as well as our engineering expertise. We
recognise that we must retain and strengthen our focus on the transition to a net zero carbon global economy by creating the sustainable power
that our customers require. We continue to focus on helping our customers deliver their own sustainability agendas, making products more
sustainable, maintaining peace and providing protection for society. The Directors regularly receive operational updates, including customer
metrics and feedback, from each of the businesses. During 2022, the Business Presidents presented their updates to the RRH Board. This greatly
influences the RRH Board’s deliberations and its support for the Executive Team when considering our strategy.
Suppliers and partners
The Group’s global supply chain is a vital contribution to its performance, with significant investment in resources to ensure the complex global
supply chain is resilient and efficient. The interests of both our suppliers and partners are regularly considered as part of the Directors’ discussions
on manufacturing strategy and when reviewing specific projects. Our Executive Team work collaboratively with our suppliers and partners to
continue to improve operational performance through various means. The RRH Board continued to receive updates from the businesses on
supplier performance and supply chain disruption. The RRH Board received an update on the first in-person global supplier conference since
the pandemic.
Communities
The Directors recognise the importance of our communities and understands that everything we do can have an impact on our local and global
communities. The RRH Safety, Ethics & Sustainability Committee received updates during 2022 on community investments during the year. A key
focus for 2022 was the Habitat for Humanity campaign to support refugees fleeing the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Information on the Group’s commitment and the matching of employee donations can be found on page 39 in the RRH Annual Report 2022.
In addition, Power Systems donated generators to maintain power to vital facilities. Colleagues in Friedrichshafen, Germany, donated €150,000,
through their works council, which Power Systems matched, to support refugees arriving in the Lake Constance region.
Governing bodies and regulators
The Directors recognise the importance of governments and regulators as stakeholders. Not only are governments across the world customers
but they also support the Group’s investment in infrastructure and technology.
The Directors are updated on the Group’s engagement with the tax authorities and the related regulatory landscape is discussed by the Directors.
In addition, meetings with ministers and senior officials are held, when relevant, throughout the year. The General Counsel provides regular
updates to the Directors on compliance with regulation as well as receiving updates on the continuing dialogue and co-operation with
prosecutors, regulators, and government agencies.
Investors
The investor relations team is the key interface between the investment community and the Directors, providing frequent dialogue and feedback.
The Directors interact regularly with investors, most notably after our financial results, capital markets events and site visits and at conferences
as well as at key points throughout the year.
The Directors attended a US roadshow, in which they met many of the large shareholders.
Case studies
‘Being’ campaign
Creating a more inclusive workplace where our people understand how we can all be at our best.
What we did and why we did it
 Insights told us that we needed to do more to be clear on what inclusion means at an individual and team level in our business.
 We wanted to deliver a global focus across Rolls-Royce on the inclusive behaviours that we need from all colleagues in order to perform as a
business, both today and for the future, ensuring that our people, leaders and teams are at their best.
 Inclusion drives performance and innovation, both important for our customers; as well as creating a culture and environment that enables us to
attract and retain the best diverse talent in a competitive market.
 Our ‘Being’ campaign was based on the belief that an inclusive workplace starts with how we all treat each other every day.
RRH Board and committee engagement
 In May, at the RRH Nominations & Governance Committee, a D&I update was provided which covered the refreshed ‘leading inclusively’ digital
toolkit.
 The Chief Executive report at the June RRH Board meeting provided an update following the ELG conference, which focused on building
upon our ‘Being’ campaign. The Chief Executive reported to the RRH Board that inclusive leadership was a key theme at the ELG conference.
 In November, the RRH Nominations & Governance Committee received an update on our ‘Being’ campaign. The Chief People Officer
confirmed that feedback on the campaign had been extremely positive.
 In November, the RRH Nominations & Governance Committee received an update on the inclusion strategy.
Q1 2022
Initially we sought stakeholder engagement and buy-in from our leaders and influencers.
Q2 2022 and throughout 2022
Our high-profile campaign launched across all channels and workplaces globally, with a consistent use of our new inclusion narrative used
throughout.
Including:
 launching our 2022 Group mandatory learning, including a module on microaggressions.
 a website page to enable colleagues to access many of our communications from their own devices.
 a new ‘being included’ video to engage hearts and minds.
 refreshed ‘leading inclusively’ resources in our digital leadership toolkit to enable self-led learning.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
38
Section 172 and stakeholder engagement continued
Storytelling from our people
Storytelling from our people was also a core part of the campaign. We launched the campaign alongside a thought-leader session for our senior
leaders on the power of inclusion and an expectation to lead inclusively.
Outcome-led approach
Our goal was to reach everyone, everywhere.
Our people and leaders understand and demonstrate the inclusive behaviours we expect of everyone.
Our external talent audiences understand how vital inclusion is to us, who we are and what we stand for.
Highlights
– A global internal and external campaign that focused attention and action across all business units, regions and sites.
– Prominent on our global communications channels and in our workplaces from May 2022.
– Built to reach the hard to reach (shop floor) enabling leaders, starting conversations, engaging and changing behaviours.
– An increase in our inclusion measure using our engagement survey (powered by Gallup).
– Understood and prioritised by our leaders as part of our ELG conference in June.
– Supported by a new global inclusion policy and mandatory learning (microaggressions).
– Sustained later in 2022 by our refreshed inclusion strategy.
Impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on procurement
Most components which go into an engine are bought from our suppliers. Power Systems has established a worldwide supply chain with 130 main
suppliers (direct material) with a spend of approximately €1.4bn during 2022 (equalling 80% of the total direct material spend). This spend is
managed by an international team of procurement and supply chain experts, located globally.
Strong risk management system
 Due to rising tensions prior to the conflict starting in 2022, Power Systems’ risk management indicated a high risk from Ukraine suppliers and
built up second sources for Ukraine-based suppliers.
 After qualification of the parts, procurement could guarantee the supply of parts through several independent sources, enabling Power
Systems to run the assembly without any interruption during the conflict.
Supplier events
 Power Systems hosted two supplier expos during 2022, built around critical importance across the supply chain, possible gas and power
shortages, the drive for zero defects and CO
2
reduction. Special focus was given to military rising demands and to securing the supply chain.
 At the beginning of 2022, Power Systems held an event to recognise their best suppliers.
RRH Board engagement
 During March, the RRH Board discussed the direct and indirect impact on the supply chain taking into account the situation in Russia and
cost inflation pressure on margins.
 During May, the RRH Board discussed scenario planning around targeted sanctions and the proposed impact on non-sanctioned Power
Systems customers.
 In September, the RRH Board received an update on the strong order position with customers making advance deposit payments to secure
orders.
Collaboration
 To protect the supply chain from unforeseen difficulties, Power Systems require the supply chain to reduce gas dependencies and therefore
require regular progress reports to get an overview of existing risk.
 A total of 146 European suppliers were contacted regarding potential energy and gas shortages. These included the top 60 suppliers as well
as the energy-intensive suppliers. To minimise the risk, further evaluations were made regarding dual sourcing.
 Regular management meetings were held with key suppliers to secure the supply chain, strategic partnerships and capacity to cover order
increase in Power Systems during 2023.
Improvement project
 The purpose was to stabilise the supply chain processes. It was a cross-Group effort, including logistics, quality and procurement to make the
business more resilient and to focus all suppliers on supply chain resilience.
 State-of-the-art software solutions were implemented to allow Power Systems to detect supply chain risks at an early stage. Solutions included
real time information for buyers and management, together with an established risk monitoring process.
Unnati STEM programmes in India
The Hindi word ‘Unnati’ means development and our Unnati community programmes aim to develop science, technology, engineering and maths
(STEM) talent in India and increase diversity in these fields. Working with expert partners, we have identified social and economic barriers that
prevent girls and women participating in STEM careers. We have developed a programme to address these barriers.
Developing Unnati Wings4Her
 Identified key societal issues with Charities Aid Foundation, India within the context of the STEM KPI which is to inspire 25 million of tomorrow’s
pioneers by 2030.
 Developed and funded pilot Wings4Her programme with four schools in Delhi during 2021 and 2022.
 Group charitable contributions and social sponsorships committee monitored progress.
 Pilot programme evaluated in partnership with Charities Aid Foundation, India.
 Wings4Her impact assessed against charitable contributions and social sponsorship policy criteria.
 Approved proposal to extend Wings4Her programme to Bangalore in 2023.
 Included in the annual review of community engagement by the RRH Safety, Ethics & Sustainability Committee.
Strategic Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
39
Section 172 and stakeholder engagement continued
Social and economic factors
 Unnati Wings4Her was designed to bridge the gap in STEM education to empower girls facing social and economic challenges.
 Lack of study support to help girls through the tough level of high-school studies discourages many from continuing with STEM subjects.
 Financially disadvantaged families discontinue girls’ education or lack resources to prepare them for competitive exams for undergraduate
STEM courses.
 A lack of awareness of the variety of STEM careers drives the perception that these are unsuitable for girls.
 Crucial support from families to pursue STEM career ambitions can be lacking.
Interventions and success data
Wings4Her provides targeted support to make STEM studies more equitable. The pilot programme in four government schools in Delhi, working
with 100 girls, resulted in 30% of the girls going on to study at under-graduate level, as well as scholarship support for 20 students to further
their STEM studies. The programme included:
 career guidance to increase aspiration and enable informed choices.
 workshops for parents to create positive support for their daughters’ career ambitions.
 scholarships for under-graduate study to enable continuing education.
RRH Board and committee engagement
 The RRH Board received an update on progress of the STEM programme more generally.
 The RRH Safety, Ethics & Sustainability Committee received an update on the STEM programmes in India, including Wings4Her and
scholarships.
 The RRH Safety, Ethics & Sustainability Committee discussed the Wings4Her programme in light of the theory of societal change and received
updates from the team on how these programmes align with national and governmental initiatives in India.
Strategic Report approved by the Board on 23 February 2023 and signed on its behalf by:
.........................................
Panos Kakoullis
Director
Directors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
40
DIRECTORS’ REPORT
The Directors present their Directors’ Report on the Rolls-Royce plc Group (the Group), together with the audited financial statements for the
year ended 31 December 2022.
Directors
The Directors who held office during the year and up to the date of signing the Financial Statements were as follows:
Current Directors
Panos Kakoullis, Chief Financial Officer
Appointed 1 January 2023:
Tufan Erginbilgic, Chief Executive
Former Directors
Stepped down 31 December 2022:
Warren East, Chief Executive
Directors’ indemnities
The Directors have the benefit of an indemnity provision contained in the Articles. In addition, the Directors have been granted a qualifying third-
party indemnity provision which was in force throughout the financial year and remains in force. Also, throughout the year, the Company
purchased and maintained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance in respect of the Company and its subsidiaries and for their directors and
officers.
Dividends
The Directors do not recommend the payment of a dividend (2021: £nil).
Corporate governance
The Directors are responsible for the direction, management, performance and long-term sustainable success of the Company. The Board of RRH
sets the Group’s strategy and objectives and oversees and monitors internal controls, risk management, principal risks, governance and viability
of the Group. It has established certain principal committees to assist in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, providing dedicated focus on
particular areas. RRH is subject to the principles and provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code 2018 (the ‘Code’).
The Company operates in compliance with the Group’s policies (including the diversity policy), procedures and governance framework. Details
of RRH’s compliance with the Code and the Group’s policies, procedures and governance framework are set out in the RRH Annual Report 2022.
Risk management and internal control
The RRH Audit Committee oversees the Group’s financial reporting, considering key accounting judgements and estimates; disclosures;
compliance with regulations; and whether the Annual Report is fair, balanced and understandable. The RRH Audit Committee also monitors the
effectiveness of the Group’s risk management and internal control environment.
In addition, the RRH Audit Committee provides oversight in respect of the scope, resources, results, and effectiveness of internal audit. It is
responsible for the relationship with, and the effectiveness of, the external auditors as well as approving their terms of engagement and fees.
Financial reporting
The Group has complex long-term contract accounting and every year the RRH Audit Committee spends much of its time reviewing the accounting
policies and judgements implicit in the Group’s financial results. In 2022, in addition to its scheduled workload, the RRH Audit Committee focused
on the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the ongoing macro-economic challenges that exist globally. In particular, the RRH Audit
Committee considered the implications of these circumstances on the Group’s assumptions and key accounting judgements, including the
recovery of Civil Aerospace engine flying hours, inflationary assumptions and discount rates. The RRH Audit Committee also reviewed the
accounting judgements associated with the disposal of ITP Aero in September 2022. In addition, during 2022, the impact of the Group’s climate
strategy on the assumptions and scenarios used by management was considered.
The Directors have ensured that the disclosures in respect of all key areas of judgement are appropriate and balanced. They have continued to
assess and consider the sensitivity of the estimates to changes in key assumptions which are summarised in note 1 of the Consolidated Financial
Statements on page 55.
A summary of the principal matters considered by the RRH Audit Committee in respect of the 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements is set out
below.
Area of focus
Considerations
Alternative
Performance
Measures (APMs)
Consistent with previous years, the RRH Audit Committee reviewed the clarity of the definitions and the reconciliation
of each APM to its statutory equivalent. It concluded that there was no undue prominence of the APMs in this report.
See page
1
58
f
or a reconciliation of APMs to their statutory equivalents.
Long-term contract
accounting
The RRH Audit Committee considered the assessment of estimates of future revenue and costs on the Group’s complex,
long-term contractual arrangements. This has continued to be a particular focus for the Committee due to the impact of
changing macro-economic conditions, in particular on our Civil Aerospace business. As part of our considerations, we
reviewed onerous contracts and the carrying value and recoverability of tangible and intangible assets. We reviewed the
disclosures and concluded these, together with the assessments, were appropriate. See note 1 in the Consolidated
Financial Statements.
Deferred tax assets The RRH Audit Committee discussed the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the forecasts, assumptions and
sensitivities applied in order to ascertain the recoverability of the deferred tax assets. It discussed the basis for the
recognition of the UK deferred tax assets and considered the judgements and estimates necessary to assess the
recoverability of the UK deferred tax assets. The RRH Audit Committee confirmed the approach, which remained
consistent with that taken in 2021, together with the di
sclosures set out
in note
1
to the
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Directors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
41
Corporate Governance continued
Impact of climate
change
The approach taken by management to assess the impact of climate change, the conclusions reached and the
disclosures presented have been reviewed by the RRH Audit Committee, including considering the related TCFD
recommendations. This included understanding and challenging the assumptions in the climate scenarios used by
management to sensitise forecasts in respect of going concern, viability, long-term contract accounting, impairment
assessments and deferred tax asset recognition. See note 1 in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sales of spare
engines
Throughout the year, the RRH Audit Committee kept under review the assessment of whether the sales of spare
engines, either to related or third parties, represented a sale and was at fair value. The Committee challenged
management on the approach, the accounting and the reporting of these transactions.
Accounting for
complex treasury
instruments
The RRH Audit Committee considered numerous topics in relation to the complex treasury instruments including the
GBP:USD hedge book and associated hedge book rates, the long term planning rate used by management beyond
the hedge book period, and the deal contingent forward foreign exchange contracts entered into to hedge the
proceeds from the ITP disposal. This included understanding and challenging management on the assumptions, the
approach, the accounting and reporting.
Risk management and the internal control environment
The Executive Team focused on the effectiveness of risk mitigation, understanding our appetite for taking many of the risks as described on page
27, including in respect of business continuity activities following consideration of the lessons learned as a result of COVID-19 and more recent
challenges caused by the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The Executive Team will continue to focus on risk mitigation effectiveness and risk appetite in
2023, embedding these more firmly as part of our routine processes and decision making, including in relation to strategic planning.
The Executive Team also satisfied itself that the processes for identifying and managing risks are appropriate and that all principal risks and
mitigating actions had been subject, during the year, to a detailed review. Based on this and on its other activities, including consideration of the
work of internal and external audit and attendance at the RRH Audit Committee by business and functional risk owners, the RRH Audit Committee
reported to the RRH Board that a robust assessment of the principal risks and emerging risks facing RRH and the Group had been undertaken.
Details of our principal risks are set out on pages 27 to 33.
Internal financial control
The RRH Audit Committee specifically reviews the Group’s internal financial controls. During 2022, it reviewed the results of self-attestation and
testing performed by the internal control and internal audit teams to confirm the effective operation of key financial controls across the Group.
It monitored progress against the 2022 financial controls programme to strengthen the financial reporting and compliance controls. It confirmed
completion of identified key activities. It also considered the external auditor’s observations on the financial control environment.
Effectiveness of risk management and internal control systems
The RRH Audit Committee conducted a review of the effectiveness of the Group’s risk management and internal control systems, including those
relating to the financial reporting process. Where opportunities for improvement were identified, action plans have been put in place and progress
is monitored by the RRH Audit Committee.
Employment of disabled persons
We give full and fair consideration to all employment applications from people with disabilities. If an employee becomes disabled whilst working
for us we take steps to support their continued working including, wherever possible, making adjustments to ways of working.
Employee engagement
We believe that highly engaged colleagues fuel business performance and that engagement is driven by leadership, a clear purpose and an
environment where everyone can be at their best. Engagement is a key measure in our annual leadership incentive plans. Furthermore, we believe
that listening to our colleagues provides opportunities to hear about what we do well and what areas we need to focus on and do better. Gallup
became our employee engagement partner in 2019 and we outlined our ambition to achieve a grand mean (overall average) score of 3.97 by the
end of 2023. Our 2022 results keep us on track to achieve this ambition as we achieved a 75% participation rate and a grand mean score of 3.85.
This meaningful increase of +0.12 since 2021 represents our third consecutive year of sustained improvement (+0.32 since 2019).
We provide a variety of channels for communication and engagement including interactive learning sessions, newsletters and team briefings, as
well as digital communication channels such as Yammer. We work closely with colleagues, elected employee representatives and with our
employee resource groups (ERGs) to ensure we remain connected with our people. The ERGs are groups of colleagues organised primarily around
a specific characteristic or life experience who provide personal and professional support to each other and run events for all to raise awareness
of key issues and to help everyone to focus on inclusion.
In 2022, we held multiple leader-led sessions with our employees. Topics included our financial results, incentives, pay, wellbeing and inclusion.
Our Executive Team also held regular virtual conversations (Teams Talks) where colleagues globally participated in live Q&A.
Financial instruments and risk management
Details of financial instruments and risk management are set out in note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Post balance sheet events
Details of important events affecting the Group which have occurred since the end of the financial year are set out in note 1 to the Consolidated
Financial Statements.
Related party transactions
Details of related party transactions are set out in note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Directors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
42
Disclosures in the Strategic Report
The Directors have taken advantage of section 414C(11) of the Act to include disclosures in the Strategic Report including:
– the future development, performance and position of the Group;
– research and development activities; and
– engagement with suppliers, customers and others.
Disclosures in the Rolls-Royce Holdings plc Annual Report
The following disclosures are provided in the Company’s parent entity annual report:
– greenhouse gas emissions (page 200 of RRH Annual Report 2022); and
– political donations (page 209 of RRH Annual Report 2022).
Management report
The Strategic Report and the Directors’ Report together are the management report for the purposes of Rule 4.1.8R of the DTRs.
Directors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
43
Responsibility statements
Statement of Directors’ responsibilities in respect of the Financial Statements
The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the Financial Statements in accordance with applicable law and regulation.
Company law requires the Directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law, the Directors have prepared the
Group Financial Statements in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards and the Company Financial Statements in
accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards, comprising FRS 101 Reduced
Disclosure Framework, and applicable law).
Under company law, Directors must not approve the Financial Statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state
of affairs of the Group and Company and of the profit or loss of the Group for that period. In preparing the Financial Statements, the Directors
are required to:
 select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;
 state whether applicable UK-adopted international accounting standards have been followed for the Group Financial Statements and United
Kingdom Accounting Standards, comprising FRS 101 have been followed for the Company Financial Statements, subject to any material
departures disclosed and explained in the Financial Statements;
 make judgements and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent; and
 prepare the Financial Statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Group and Company will continue
in business.
The Directors are responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Group and Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention
and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
The Directors are also responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Group’s and Company’s
transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Group and Company and enable them to ensure that
the Financial Statements and the Directors’ Remuneration Report comply with the Companies Act 2006.
The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the Company’s website. Legislation in the United Kingdom governing the
preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.
Directors’ confirmations
The Directors consider that the Annual Report and Accounts, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and understandable and provides the information
necessary for shareholders to assess the Group’s and Company’s position and performance, business model and strategy.
Each of the Directors, whose names and functions are listed in the Directors’ Report confirm that, to the best of their knowledge:
 the Group Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards, give a true
and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and loss of the Group;
 the Company Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Accounting Standards, comprising FRS
101, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities and financial position of the Company; and
 the Strategic Report includes a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the position of the Group and Company,
together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that it faces.
In the case of each Director in office at the date the Directors’ Report is approved:
 so far as the Director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Group’s and Company’s auditors are unaware; and
 they have taken all the steps that they ought to have taken as a Director in order to make themselves aware of any relevant audit information
and to establish that the Group’s and Company’s auditors are aware of that information.
Directors’ Report approved by the Board on 23 February 2023 and signed on its behalf by:
.........................................
Panos Kakoullis
Director
Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
44
Consolidated Financial Statements
Company Financial Statements
Primary statements Primary statements
Consolidated income statement 45 Company balance sheet 113
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income 46 Company statement of comprehensive income 114
Consolidated balance sheet 47 Company statement of changes in equity 114
Consolidated cash flow statement 48
Consolidated statement of changes in equity 51
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Notes to the Company Financial Statements
1 Accounting policies 52 1 Accounting policies 115
2 Segmental analysis 66 2 Emoluments of Directors 123
3 Research and development 73 3 Intangible assets 124
4 Net financing 74 4 Property, plant and equipment 125
5 Taxation 75 5 Right-of-use assets 126
6 Auditors’ remuneration 79 6 Investments 126
7 Employee information 80 7 Inventories 126
8 Intangible assets 81 8 Trade receivables and other assets 127
9 Property, plant and equipment 84 9 Contract assets and liabilities 128
10 Right-of-use assets 85 10 Cash and cash equivalents 128
11 Investments 86 11 Borrowings and lease liabilities 129
12 Inventories 88 12 Leases 130
13 Trade receivables and other assets 88 13 Trade payables and other liabilities 130
14 Contract assets and liabilities 89 14 Other financial assets and liabilities 131
15 Cash and cash equivalents 90 15 Provisions for liabilities and charges 132
16 Borrowings and lease liabilities 90 16 Deferred taxation 133
17 Leases 91 17 Post-retirement benefits 134
18 Trade payables and other liabilities 92 18 Share capital 138
19 Financial instruments 93 19 Share-based payments 138
20 Provisions for liabilities and charges 102 20 Contingent liabilities 139
21 Post-retirement benefits 103 21 Related party transactions 139
22 Share capital 108 22 Parent and ultimate parent company 139
23 Share-based payments 108
24 Contingent liabilities 109
25 Related party transactions 109 Subsidiaries 140
26 Disposals, held for sale and discontinued operations 110 Joint ventures and Associates 144
27 Derivation of summary funds flow statement 112
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
45
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
For the year ended 31 December 2022
202
2
202
1
Notes
£m
£m
Continuing operations
Revenue
2
13,520
11,218
Cost of sales
1
(10,763)
(9,082)
Gross
profit
2
2,757
2,136
Commercial and administrative costs
2
(1,077)
(890)
Research and development costs
2, 3
(891)
(778)
Share of results of joint ventures and associates
11
48
45
Operating
profit
837
513
Gain
arising
on
disposal of businesses
26
81
56
Profit
before
financing and taxation
918
569
Financing income
4
355
229
Financing costs
2
4
(2,775)
(1,092)
Net financing costs
(2,420)
(863)
Loss
before
taxation
(1,502)
(294)
Taxation
5
308
418
(Loss)/profit
for
the year
from continuing operations
(1,194)
124
Discontinued operations
Profit
for
the year from ordinary activities
26
68
36
Costs of disposal of
discontinued operations
26
–
(39)
Loss on disposal
of discontinued operations
26
(148)
–
Loss
for
the year from discontinued operations
(80)
(3)
(Loss)/profit
for
the year
(1,274)
121
Attributable to:
Ordinary
shareholders
(1,269)
120
Non
-
controlling interests
(NCI)
(5)
1
(Loss)/profit
for the
year
(1,274)
121
Other compreh
ensive
income
522
41
Total
comprehensive
(expense)/income
for the
year
(752)
162
1
Cost of sales includes a net charge for expected credit losses of £73m (2021: £78m). Further details can be found in note 13
2
Included within financing costs are fair value changes on derivative contracts. Further details can be found in notes 2, 4 and 19
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
46
CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENT OF COMPREHENSIVE IN COME
For the year ended 31 December 2022
202
2
202
1
Notes
£m
£m
(Loss)/profit
for the year
(1,274)
121
Other comprehensive
income/(expense)
(OCI)
Actuarial movements on post
-
retirement schemes
21
(156)
254
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
11
(4)
(2)
Share of OCI of joint ventures and
associates
11
2
1
Related tax movements
5
89
(79)
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
(69)
174
Foreign exchange translation differences on foreign operations
452
(178)
Foreign exchange translation differences
reclassified to income statement on disposal of businesses
26
65
(1)
Hedging reserves reclassified to income statement on disposal of businesses
26
111
–
NCI disposed of on disposal of business
es
26
1
–
Movement on fair values
charged
to cash flow hedge reserve
(7)
(32)
Reclassified to income statement from cash flow hedge reserve
1
(55)
39
Costs of hedging
10
–
Share of OCI of joint ventures and associates
11
–
44
Related tax
movements
5
14
(5)
Items that
will
be reclassified to profit or loss
591
(133)
Total other
comprehensive
income
522
41
Total
comprehensive
(expense)/income
for the
year
(752)
162
Attributable to:
Ordinary
shareholders
(748)
161
NCI
(4)
1
Total
comprehensive
(expense)/income
for the
year
(752)
162
Total comprehensive
(
expense)
/income
for
the year attributable to ordinary shareholders arises from:
Continuing operations
(673)
278
Discontinued operations
(75)
(117)
Total comprehensive (expense)/income for the year attributable to ordinary shareholders (748)
161
1
Includes £(52)m loss on the deal contingent forward reclassified to loss on disposal in the same period as the hedged cash flow proceeds. Further detail can be found in note 19 and 26
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
47
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
As at 31 December 2022
202
2
202
1
Notes
£m
£m
ASSETS
Intangible assets
8
4,098
4,041
Property, plant and equipment
9
3,936
3,917
Right
-
of
-
use assets
10
1,061
1,203
Investments
–
joint ventures and associates
11
422
404
Investments
–
other
11
36
36
Other financial assets
19
542
361
Deferred tax assets
5
2,731
2,249
Post
-
retirement scheme surpluses
21
613
1,148
Non
-
current assets
13,439
13,359
Inventories
12
4,708
3,666
Trade receivables and other assets
13
7,271
5,717
Contract assets
14
1,481
1,473
Taxation recoverable
127
90
Other financial assets
19
141
46
Short
-
term investments
19
11
8
Cash and cash equivalents
15
2,607
2,621
Current assets
16,346
13,621
Assets held for sale
26
–
2,028
TOTAL ASSETS
29,785
29,008
LIABILITIES
Borrowings and lease liabilities
16
(358)
(279)
Other financial liabilities
19
(992)
(664)
Trade payables and other liabilities
18
(6,983)
(6,017)
Contract liabilities
14
(4,825)
(3,599)
Current tax liabilities
(104)
(101)
Provisions for liabilities and charges
20
(632)
(475)
Current liabilities
(13,894)
(11,135)
Borrowings and lease liabilities
16
(5,597)
(7,497)
Other financial liabilities
19
(3,230)
(2,715)
Trade payables and other liabilities
18
(2,364)
(1,575)
Contract liabilities
14
(7,337)
(6,710)
Deferred tax liabilities
5
(286)
(451)
Provisions for liabilities and charges
20
(1,701)
(1,107)
Post
-
retirement scheme deficits
21
(1,033)
(1,373)
Non
-
current liabilities
(21,548)
(21,428)
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale
26
–
(723)
TOTAL LIABILITIES
(35,442)
(33,286)
NET
LIABILITIES
(5,657)
(4,278)
EQUITY
Called
-
up share capital
22
338
338
Share premium
631
631
Hedging reserves
26
(45)
Merger reserve
–
650
Translation reserve
861
342
Accumulated losses
(7,547)
(6,220)
Equity attributable to ordinary shareholders
(5,691)
(4,304)
NCI
34
26
TOTAL EQUITY
(5,657)
(4,278)
The Financial Statements on pages 45 to 112 were approved by the Board on 23 February 2023 and signed on its behalf by:
Tufan Erginbilgic Panos Kakoullis
Chief Executive Chief Financial Officer
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
48
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT
For the year ended 31 December 2022
202
2
202
1
Notes
£m
£m
Reconciliation of cash flows from operating activities
Operatin
g
profit
from
continuing operations
837
513
Operating
profit/(loss)
from
discontinued operations
26
86
(43)
Oper
ating
profit
923
470
Loss
on disposal
of property, plant and equipment
18
9
Share of results of joint
ventures and associates
11
(48)
(45)
Dividends received from joint ventures and associates
11
73
27
Amortisation and impairment of intangible assets
8
287
290
Depreciation and impairment of property, plant and equipment
9
430
462
Depreciation and impairment of right
-
of
-
use assets
10
287
257
Adjustment of amounts payable under residual value guarantees within lease liabilities
1
17
(3)
(4)
Impairment of and other movements on investments
11
75
7
Decrease
in provisions
(197)
(394)
Increase
in inventories
(887)
(169)
Movement
in trade receivables/payables and other assets/liabilities
(
58
)
(506)
Movement
in contract assets/liabilities
1,753
(134)
Financial p
enalties paid
2
–
(156)
Cash flows
on other financial assets and liabilities held for operating purposes
3
(
660
)
(85)
Interest
received
36
9
Net defined benefit post
-
retirement
cost
recognised
in profit before financing
21
27
23
Cash funding of defined benefit
post
-
retirement schemes
21
(81)
(162)
Share
-
based payments
23
48
28
Net
cash
inflow/(outflow)
from
operating activities before taxation
2,023
(73)
Taxation paid
(174) (185)
Net
cash
inflow/(outflow)
from
operating activities
1,849
(258)
Cash flows from investing activities
Movement in other investments
11
(5)
(26)
Additions of intangible assets
(237)
(231)
Disposals of intangible assets
8
8
5
Purchases of property, plant and
equipment
(359)
(328)
Disposals
of property, plant and equipment
48
61
Disposal of businesses
26
1,398
99
Movement in investments in joint ventures and associates
11
(24)
–
Movement in short
-
term investments
(3)
(8)
Net cash
inflow/(outflow)
from
investing activities
826
(428)
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayment of loans
4
(2,024)
(965)
Proceeds from increase in loans
1
2,005
Capital element of lease payments
(218)
(374)
Net cash
flow
from
(decrease)/increase
in borrowings
and leases
(2,241)
666
Interest paid
(235)
(206)
Interest element of lease payments
(68)
(63)
Fees paid on undrawn facilities
(49)
(62)
Cash flows on settlement of excess derivative contracts
5
4
(326)
(452)
Transactions with NCI
6
57
30
NCI on formation of subsidiary
–
3
Dividends to NCI
(3)
(1)
Movement on balances with parent company
–
(4)
Net cash
outflow
from
financing activities
(2,865)
(89)
Change in cash and cash equivalents
(190)
(775)
Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January
2,639
3,496
Exchange
gains/(losses)
on cash
and cash equivalents
156
(82)
Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December
7
2,605
2,639
1
Where the cost of meeting residual value guarantees is less than that previously estimated, as costs have been mitigated or liabilities waived by the lessor, the lease liability has been
remeasured. To the extent that the value of this remeasurement exceeds the value of the right-of-use asset, the reduction in the lease liability is credited to cost of sales
2
Relates to penalties paid on agreements with investigating bodies
3
Predominately relates to cash settled on derivative contracts held for operating purposes
4
Repayment of loans includes repayments of £2,000m relating to the loan supported by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance. Further details are provided in note 16
5
During the year, the Group incurred a cash outflow of £326m (2021: £452m) as a result of settling foreign exchange contracts that were originally in place to sell $2,200m (2021: $3,184m)
receipts. Further detail is provided in note 4
6
Relates to NCI investment received in the year, in respect of Rolls-Royce SMR Limited
7
The Group considers overdrafts (repayable on demand) and cash held for sale to be an integral part of its cash management activities and these are included in cash and cash equivalents for
the purposes of the cash flow statement
In deriving the consolidated cash flow statement, movement in balance sheet items have been adjusted for non-cash items. The cash flow in the
year includes the sale of goods and services to joint ventures and associates – see note 25.
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
49
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT CONTINUED
For the year ended 31 December 2022
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Reconciliation of movements in cash and cash equivalents to movement
s in net
debt
Change in cash and cash equivalents
(190)
(775)
Cash flow from
decrease/(increase)
in borrowings and leases
2,241
(666)
Less: settlement of related derivatives included in fair value of swaps below
–
6
Cash flow
from
increase
in short
-
term investments
3
8
Change in net
debt
resulting from cash flows
2,054
(1,427)
New leases and other non
-
cash adjustments on borrowings and lease liabilities
(170)
(86)
Exchange
losses
on net
debt
(150)
(51)
Fair value adjustments
70
170
Debt
disposed of on
disposal of
business
es
53
8
Reclassifications
–
19
Movement
in
net
debt
1,857
(1,367)
Net
debt
at 1 January
(5,194)
(3,827)
Net
debt
at 31 December
excluding the fair value of swaps
(3,337)
(5,194)
Fair value of swaps hedging fixed rate
borrowings
86
37
Net
debt
at 31
December
(3,251)
(5,157)
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
50
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT CONTINUED
For the year ended 31 December 2022
The movement in net debt (defined by the Group as including the items shown below) is as follows:
At 1
January
Funds
flow
Net funds on
disposal
Exchange
differences
Fair value
adjustments
Reclassi-
fications
1
Other
movements
At 31
December
£m £m £m £m £m £m £m £m
202
2
Cash at bank and in hand
795
17
–
35
–
–
–
847
Money market
funds
49
(15)
–
–
–
–
–
34
Short
-
term deposits
1,777
(171)
–
120
–
–
–
1,726
Cash and cash equivalents
(per balance sheet)
2,621
(169)
–
155
–
–
–
2,607
Cash and cash equivalents
included within assets
held for sale
25
(26)
–
1
–
–
–
–
Overdrafts
(7)
5
–
–
–
–
–
(2)
Cash and cash equivalents
(per cash flow statement)
2,639
(190)
–
156
–
–
–
2,605
Short
-
term investments
8
3
–
–
–
–
–
11
Other current borrowings
(2)
2
–
(1)
–
–
–
(1)
Non
-
current borrowings
(6,023)
2,000
–
(125)
72
–
(29)
(4,105)
Borrowings included within
liabilities held for sale
(59)
21
40
–
(2)
–
–
–
Lease liabilities
(1,744)
217
–
(179)
–
–
(141)
(1,847)
Lease liabilities included within
liabilities held for sale
(13)
1
13
(1)
–
–
–
–
Financial liabilities
(7,841)
2,241
53
(306)
70
–
(170)
(5,953)
Net debt excluding the fair
value
of
swaps
(5,194)
2,054
53
(150)
70
–
(170)
(3,337)
Fair value swaps hedging fixed
rate borrowings
2
37
–
–
125
(76)
–
–
86
Net
debt
(5,157)
2,054
53
(25)
(6)
–
(170)
(3,251)
202
1
Cash at bank and in hand
940
(87)
–
(20)
–
(38)
–
795
Money market funds
669
(620)
–
–
–
–
–
49
Short
-
term deposits
1,843
–
–
(66)
–
–
–
1,777
Cash and cash equivalents
(per balance sheet)
3,452
(707)
–
(86)
–
(38)
–
2,621
Cash and cash equivalents
included within assets
held for sale
51
(68)
–
4
–
38
–
25
Overdrafts
(7)
–
–
–
–
–
–
(7)
Cash and cash equivalents
(per cash flow statement)
3,496
(775)
–
(82)
–
–
–
2,639
Short
-
term investments
–
8
–
–
–
–
–
8
Other current borrowings
(1,006)
950
–
1
35
18
–
(2)
Non
-
current borrowings
(4,274)
(2,002)
–
38
136
88
(9)
(6,023)
Borrowings included within
liabilities held for sale
–
18
–
1
(1)
(77)
–
(59)
Lease liabilities
(2,043)
370
–
(9)
–
15
(77)
(1,744)
Lease liabilities included within
liabilities held for sale
–
4
8
–
–
(25)
–
(13)
Financial liabilities
(7,323)
(660)
8
31
170
19
(86)
(7,841)
Net debt excluding fair value
swaps
(3,827)
(1,427)
8
(51)
170
19
(86)
(5,194)
Fair value swaps hedging fixed
rate borrowings
2
251
(6)
–
(35)
(173)
–
–
37
Net debt
(3,576)
(1,433)
8
(86)
(3)
19
(86)
(5,157)
1
Reclassifications during the year to 31 December 2021 included the transfer of ITP Aero to held for sale and fees of £29m paid in previous periods for the £2,000m loan (supported by an
80% guarantee from UK Export Finance) that have been reclassified to borrowings on the draw down of the facility during the prior period
2
Fair value of swaps hedging fixed rate borrowings reflects the impact of derivatives on repayments of the principal amount of debt. Net debt therefore includes the fair value of derivatives
included in fair value hedges (2022: £38m, 2021: £114m) and the element of fair value relating to exchange differences on the underlying principal of derivatives in cash flow hedges
(2022: £48m, 2021: £(77)m)
Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
51
CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
For the year ended 31 December 2022
The following describes the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity:
Share capital – The nominal value of ordinary shares of 20p each in issue.
Share premium – Proceeds received in excess of the nominal value of ordinary shares issued, less the costs of issue.
Hedging reserves – Cumulative gains and losses on hedging instruments deemed effective in cash flow hedges and cost of hedging reserve.
Merger reserve – The premium on issuing shares to acquire a business where merger relief in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 applies.
Translation reserve – Gains and losses arising on retranslating the net assets of overseas operations into sterling.
Accumulated losses – All other net gains and losses and transactions with owners not recognised elsewhere and ordinary shares held for the purpose of share-based
payment plans.
Non-controlling interests – The share of net assets or liabilities of subsidiaries held by third parties.
Attributable to ordinary shareholders
Share
capital
Share
premium
Hedging
r
eserve
s
1
Merger
reserve
Translation
reserve
Accum-
ulated
losses
Total
NCI
Total
equity
Notes
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
At 31 December 2021 as previously reported
338
631
(45)
650
342
(6,220)
(4,304)
26
(4,278)
Adoption of amendment to IAS 37 (post-tax) 1
–
–
–
–
–
(729)
(729)
–
(729)
At 1
January 202
2
338
631
(45)
650
342
(6,949)
(5,033)
26
(5,007)
Loss
for
the year
–
–
–
–
–
(1,269)
(1,269)
(5)
(1,274)
Foreign exchange translation differences on
foreign operations
–
–
–
–
452
–
452
–
452
Hedging reserves reclassified to income
statement on disposal of businesses
26 –
–
111
–
–
–
111
–
111
Foreign exchange translation differences
reclassified to income statement on disposal
of businesses
26 –
–
–
–
65
–
65
–
65
NCI disposed of on
disposal of business
es
26
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
Actuarial movements on post-retirement
schemes
21 –
–
–
–
–
(156)
(156)
–
(156)
M
ovement on
fair value of
cash
flow hedges
–
–
(7)
–
–
–
(7)
–
(7)
Reclassified to income statement from cash
flow
hedg
e
reserve
–
–
(55)
–
–
–
(55)
–
(55)
Cost of hedging
–
–
10
–
–
–
10
–
10
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
11
–
–
–
–
–
(4)
(4)
–
(4)
OCI of joint ventures and associates
11
–
–
–
–
–
2
2
–
2
Related tax movements
5
–
–
12
–
2
89
103
–
103
Total comprehensive income/(expense) for
the year
–
–
71
–
519
(1,338)
(748)
(4)
(752)
Share
-
based payments
–
direct to equity
2
–
–
–
–
–
47
47
–
47
Dividends to NCI
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(3)
(3)
Transactions with NCI
3
–
–
–
–
–
42
42
15
57
NCI on formation of subsidiary
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Transfer to realised profit
4
–
–
–
(650)
–
650
–
–
–
Related tax
movements
5
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
–
1
Other changes in equity in the year
–
–
–
(650)
–
740
90
12
102
At 31 December
2022
338
631
26
–
861
(7,547)
(5,691)
34
(5,657)
At 1 January 2021
338
631
(94)
650
524
(6,588)
(4,539)
22
(4,517)
Profit
for the year
–
–
–
–
–
120
120
1
121
Foreign exchange translation differences on
foreign operations
–
–
–
–
(178)
–
(178)
–
(178)
Foreign exchange translation differences
classified to income statement on disposal of
businesses
–
–
–
–
(1)
–
(1)
–
(1)
Actuarial movements on post-retirement
schemes
21
–
–
–
–
–
254
254
–
254
M
ovement on
fair value of
cash
flow hedges
–
–
(32)
–
–
–
(32)
–
(32)
Reclassified to income statement from cash
flow hedge reserve
–
–
39
–
–
–
39
–
39
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
11
–
–
–
–
–
(2)
(2)
–
(2)
OCI of joint ventures and associates
11
–
–
44
–
–
1
45
–
45
Related tax movements
5
–
–
(2)
–
(3)
(79)
(84)
–
(84)
Total comprehensive income/(expense) for
the year
–
–
49
–
(182)
294
161
1
162
Share
-
based payments
–
direct to equity
2
–
–
–
–
–
28
28
–
28
Dividends to NCI
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(1)
(1)
Transactions with NCI
3
–
–
–
–
–
2 9
29
1
30
NCI on formation of subsidiary
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
3
Related tax movements
5
–
–
–
–
–
1 7
17
–
17
Other changes in equity in the year
–
–
–
–
–
74
74
3
77
At 31 December 2021
338
631
(45)
650
342
(6,220)
(4,304)
26
(4,278)
1
Hedging reserves include the cash flow hedge reserve of £26m and the cost of hedging reserve of £nil. During the year, costs of hedging of £10m were recognised and reclassified to the
income statement
2
Share-based payments - direct to equity is the share-based payment charge for the year less actual cost of vesting excluding those vesting from own shares and cash received on share-based schemes vesting
3
Relates to NCI investment received in the year in respect of Rolls-Royce SMR Limited.
4
On disposal of ITP Aero on 15 September 2022, the premium recognised on issue of shares for the previous acquisition became realised on receipt of qualifying consideration. As such, the
total merger reserve has been transferred to accumulated losses
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
52
1 Accounting policies
The Company
Rolls-Royce plc (the ‘Company’) is a public company limited by shares incorporated under the Companies Act 2006 and domiciled in England in
the United Kingdom. The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company for the year ended 31 December 2022 consist of the audited
consolidation of the Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together referred to as the Group) together with the Group’s
interest in jointly controlled and associated entities.
Basis of preparation and statement of compliance
The Company has elected to prepare its individual Company Financial Statements under FRS 101 Reduced Disclosure Framework. They are set
out on pages 113 to 139 with the associated accounting policies from page 115.
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with UK adopted International Accounting Standards (IAS) in
conformity with the requirements of Companies Act 2006 and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC) applicable
to companies reporting under UK adopted IFRS.
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis as described on page 34. The historical cost basis has been used
except where IFRS require the revaluation of financial instruments to fair value and certain other assets and liabilities on an alternative basis, most
significantly post-retirement scheme obligations are valued on the basis required by IAS 19 Employee Benefits.
The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in sterling which is the Company’s functional currency.
The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make judgements and estimates that affect the reported
amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during
the reporting period. Actual future outcomes could differ from those estimates.
Going concern
The Directors have undertaken a comprehensive going concern review. In adopting the going concern basis for preparing these Consolidated
Financial Statements, the Directors have undertaken a review of the Group’s cash flow forecasts and available liquidity, along with consideration
of the principal risks and uncertainties over an 18-month period to August 2024. Recognising the challenges of reliably estimating and forecasting
the impact of external factors on the Group, the Directors have considered two forecasts in the assessment of going concern, along with a
likelihood assessment of these forecasts, being:
– base case, which reflects the Directors’ current expectations of future trading of a steady and ongoing recovery of trading towards pre-
pandemic levels; and
– severe but plausible downside forecast, which envisages a ‘stress’ or ‘downside’ situation.
The future impact of climate change on the Group has been considered through climate scenarios. The climate scenarios modelled do not have
a material impact on the cash flow forecasts over the 18-month period to August 2024.
Further details are given in the going concern review on page 34. After reviewing the current liquidity position and the cash flow forecasts
modelled under both the base case and stressed downside, the Directors consider that the Group has sufficient liquidity to continue in operational
existence for a period of at least 18 months from the date of this report and are therefore satisfied that it is appropriate to adopt the going concern
basis of accounting in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Climate change
In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements the Directors have considered the potential impact of climate change, particularly in the context
of the disclosures included in the Strategic Report and Climate Review this year and the stated decarbonisation strategy. Based on the Taskforce
for Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations, the Group assesses the potential impact of climate-related risks which cover
both transition risks and physical risks. The eight key risks and the opportunities considered in the climate scenarios prepared include extensive
policy, legal, technological, and market changes and physical risks which could include direct damage to assets and supply chain disruption. Two
of the assessed key transition risks have been identified as potentially having a high impact on the Group. These relate to the risk that regulatory
changes could materially impact demand for our products and that addressing climate change will require shifting investment focus towards more
sustainable products and solutions. Both of these risks are being actively addressed through the Group’s decarbonisation strategy and the financial
implications, as reflected in the quantified climate scenarios, have been considered when preparing the financial statements.
The Group has set its decarbonisation strategy and identified longer-term considerations in response to the climate challenge and is engaging
proactively with external stakeholders to advocate for the conditions that society needs to achieve its net zero target. The Group’s main short-
and longer-term priorities include:
– achieving net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 from all energy purchased and consumed in the Group’s offices, manufacturing
and production activities (with the exception of product testing and development). This will be met through continued investment in onsite
renewable energy installations; the procurement of renewable energy; and continued investment in energy efficiency improvements to reduce
the Group’s overall energy demands and operating costs. An estimate of the investment required to meet these scope 1 and 2 emission
improvements is included in the forecasts that support these Consolidated Financial Statements;
– the scale up of sustainable fuels that will play a crucial role in reaching net zero carbon. To accelerate this, the Group are working to
demonstrate that all the commercial aero engines produced, and the most popular reciprocating engines, representing 80% of the product
portfolio, are compatible with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023 and working with our armed forces customers to achieve the same goals
for the Rolls-Royce engines they use; and
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
53
1 Accounting policies continued
Climate change (continued)
– developing breakthrough new technologies, including investment in hybrid-electric solutions in Power Systems, continued development of
the more efficient UltraFan aero engine, testing of sustainable aviation fuels, small modular reactors (SMRs) and hybrid and fully electric
propulsion. New products will be compatible with net zero operation by 2030 and all products will be compatible with net zero operation by
2050. In the year, R&D costs of £(108)m (2021: £(68)m) within New Markets included design development to ready the SMRs to progress
through the UK GDA process and investment in electrical propulsion technology. Future investment required to deliver these technologies
is included in the forecasts that support the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The climate change scenarios previously prepared to assess the viability of our business strategy, decarbonisation plans and approach to
managing climate-related risk have continued to develop over the last year as set out in our Climate Review. There remains inherent uncertainty
over the assumptions used within these and how they will impact the Group’s business operations, cash flows and profit projections. The Directors
assess the assumptions on a regular basis to ensure that they are consistent with the risk management activities and the commitments made to
investors and other stakeholders.
Assumptions used within the Consolidated Financial Statements in relation to areas such as revenue recognition for long-term contracts,
impairment reviews of non-current assets and the carrying amount of deferred tax assets consider the findings from the climate scenarios
prepared. Key variables include carbon pricing based on the IAE Net Zero scenario, which assumes an increase from $46 per tonne of carbon in
2022 to $250 per tonne in 2050, and commodity price, temperature rise and GDP information from the Oxford Economics Global Climate Service
Net Zero scenario aligned to IPCC SSP1-19.
As details of what incremental specific future intervention measures will be taken by governments are not yet available, carbon pricing has been
used to quantify the potential impact of future policy changes on the Group. To ensure revenue recognition or the carrying value of assets is not
overstated it has been assumed that carbon pricing falls on our own manufacturing facilities and those of our supply chain. The Group will be
able to mitigate an element of the financial impact as it reduces the scope 1 and 2 emissions from its offices, manufacturing and production
activities, the costs of which have been incorporated into forecasts. The Group has made estimates in relation to decarbonisation in its external
supply chain and the impact this may have on the Group’s costs, whilst acknowledging in its financial modelling that this is complex and will
therefore take some time. The financial modelling performed recognises the extent to which the Group’s current supplier contracts offer
protection from cost increases in the short to medium term where pricing is fixed or subject to capped escalation clauses. The Group has made
a cautious assessment of whether higher costs would be passed on to customers in the short and medium term that considers the markets operated
in and the pricing mechanisms in place. For example, in Civil Aerospace it is recognised that escalation caps within a number of its long-term
service arrangement (LTSA) contracts would be triggered, meaning additional costs could remain within the business under current commercial
arrangements until the end of existing contract periods.
When determining the amount of cumulative revenue recognised on long-term contracts, and the obligation in relation to onerous contracts, the
assumptions above have been used to reflect the climate uncertainties. Changes in estimates have not had a significant impact on revenue catch-ups
in the year (2021: £(17)m) or on contract loss provisions (2021: £(20)m). Increases in carbon and commodity price estimates over the term of the current
contracts are estimated to be around 1% (2021: 1%). A sensitivity is presented within the key sources of estimation uncertainty (page 57) to disclose
the impact of a further 1% cost increase that might arise from further unmitigated increases in carbon and/or commodity pricing.
Impairment testing of non-current assets including goodwill and programme assets has considered the above risks as well as assessing how the
Group’s 1.5°C and 3.6°C scenarios may change the demand for products over the medium and longer term. Given the headroom, the climate
scenarios modelled do not indicate any potential impairment. Further information is provided in note 8.
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which the unused tax losses and
deductible temporary difference can be utilised. The weighted downside forecast includes the climate-related estimates and assumptions. Whilst
carbon pricing illustrates pressure on costs, decarbonisation and new supplier and customer contracts offer the opportunity to receive value for
more efficient and sustainable products. Further details are included in note 5 together with sensitivity analysis in the key sources of estimation
uncertainty section below.
The climate-related estimates and assumptions that have been considered to be key areas of judgement or sources of estimation uncertainty for
the year ended 31 December 2022 are those relating to the recoverable amount of non-current assets including goodwill, capitalised development
costs, recovery of deferred tax assets, recognition and measurement of provisions and recognition of revenue on long-term contracts. These
items are included within the key areas of judgement and key sources of estimation uncertainty summarised on page 57 and explained in detail
throughout the significant accounting policies.
Items that may be impacted by climate-related risks, but which are not considered to be key areas of judgements or sources of estimation
uncertainty in the current financial year are outlined below:
Useful lives of assets — The useful lives of property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets could be reduced by climate-related matters, for
example, as a result of physical risks, obsolescence or legal restrictions. The change in useful lives would have a direct impact on the amount of
depreciation or amortisation recognised each year from the date of reassessment. The Directors’ review of useful lives has taken into consideration
the impacts of the Group’s decarbonisation strategy and has not had a material impact on the results for the year. The Directors have also
considered the remaining useful economics lives of material intangible assets, including the £1,826m and £250m capitalised development spend
associated with the Trent and business aviation programmes disclosed in note 8. Given the measures the Group is taking, including the testing of
engines for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) compatibility and that all the commercial aero-engines and the most popular reciprocating engines
that are currently produced will be compatible with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023, the Directors judge that no adjustment is required to
the useful economic lives.
Inventory valuation — Climate-related matters may affect the value of inventories as a result of a decline in selling prices or they could become
obsolete due to a reduction in demand. After consideration of the typical stock-turns of the inventory in relation to the rate of change in the
market the Directors consider that inventory is appropriately valued.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
54
1 Accounting policies continued
Climate change (continued)
Recoverability of trade receivables and contract assets — The impact of climate-related matters could have an impact on the Group’s customers
in the future, especially those customers in the Civil Aerospace business. No material climate-related issues have arisen during the year that have
impacted the assessment of the recoverability of receivables. The Group’s expected credit loss (ECL) provision uses credit ratings which inherently
will include the market’s assessment of the climate change impact on credit risk of the counter parties. Given the maturity time of trade receivables
and the majority of contract assets, climate change is unlikely to cause a material increase on counter party credit risk in that time.
Share-based payments — Remuneration packages will be impacted and measured against a new sustainability metric from the 2023 financial year.
This could impact the future amount and timing of the recognition of the share-based payment expense in the income statement once these
metrics are included within the performance condition criteria of the share-based payment plans. This change has had no impact on the 2022
financial statements and is unlikely to have a material impact on the charge recognised in the next 12 months.
Defined benefit pension plans — Climate-related risks could affect the financial position of defined benefit pension plans. As a result, this could
have implications on the expected return on plan assets and measurement of defined benefit liabilities in future years. The Trustee of the Rolls-
Royce UK Pension Fund meets the climate-related regulatory requirements. When making decisions about the plan, its analysis is carried out in
a way consistent with Taskforce on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). The Trustee has set a net zero target for the plan assets by
2050. Having assessed the risks and opportunities of climate change and considered the nature of the assets of the fund, climate change is
unlikely to have a material impact on the position in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Presentation of underlying results
The Group measures financial performance on an underlying basis and discloses this information as an alternative performance measure (APM).
This is consistent with the way that financial performance is measured by the Directors and reported to the Board in accordance with IFRS 8
Operating Segments. The Group believes this is the most appropriate basis to measure the in-year performance, as underlying results reflect the
substance of trading activity, including the impact of the Group’s foreign exchange forward contracts, which economically hedge net foreign
currency cash flows at predetermined exchange rates. In addition, underlying results exclude the accounting impact of business acquisitions and
disposals, impairment charges where the reasons are outside of normal operating activities, exceptional items, and certain other items which are
market driven and outside of the control of management. Further details are given in note 2. A reconciliation of APMs to the statutory equivalent
is provided on page 158 to 161.
Revision to IFRS applicable in 2022
The Group adopted the amendment to IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets for Onerous Contracts – Cost of Fulfilling a
Contract on 1 January 2022. The amendment clarifies the meaning of ‘costs to fulfil a contract’, explaining that the direct cost of fulfilling a contract
comprises the incremental costs of fulfilling that contract (for example, direct labour and materials) and also an allocation of other costs that relate
directly to fulfilling contracts. As a result of the amendment, the Group now includes additional allocated costs when determining whether a contract
is onerous and in the quantification of the provision recognised in the event of a contract being onerous. These additional allocated costs primarily
relate to (a) fixed overheads in our operational areas that are incurred irrespective of manufacturing load, (b) fixed overheads of providing services,
including engine health monitoring and IT costs, and (c) depreciation of spare engines that the Group owns which are used to support the delivery
of our contractual commitments to customers under LTSAs. The Group has assessed the impact of this amendment on its contracts and has included
additional allocated costs that increased the total contract loss provision by £723m, as at 1 January 2022 (see note 21). All material elements impact
Civil Aerospace contracts. Of this increase, £38m relates to current provisions and £685m to non-current provisions. A tax credit has not been
recognised on the increase in the provision relating to the UK (see note 5 for details). As required by the transition arrangement in relation to the
amendment, comparative information has not been restated. The cumulative effect of initially applying the amendment has been recognised as an
adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as at 1 January 2022. It is estimated that the impact of the IAS 37 amendment has had a
favourable immaterial impact on the 2022 income statement. Further information can be found in note 20.
There are no other new standards or interpretations issued by the IASB that had a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
55
1 Accounting policies continued
Key areas of judgement and sources of estimation uncertainty
The determination of the Group’s accounting policies requires judgement. The subsequent application of these policies requires estimates, and
the actual outcome may differ from that calculated. The key judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty at the balance sheet date, that
have a significant risk of causing material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are summarised
below. Further details, together with sensitivities for key sources of estimation uncertainty where appropriate and practicable, are included within
the significant accounting policies section of this note.
Area Key judgements Key sources of estimation uncertainty Page
Revenue
recognition and
contract assets and
liabilities
Whether Civil Aerospace OE and aftermarket
contracts should be combined.
How performance on long-term aftermarket contracts
should be measured.
Whether any costs should be treated as wastage.
Whether sales of spare engines to joint ventures are
at fair value.
When revenue should be recognised in relation to
spare engine sales.
Estimates of future revenue and costs of
long-term contractual arrangements, including
the impact of climate change.
57
Risk and revenue
sharing
arrangements
Determination of the nature of entry fees received.
58
Taxation
Estimates necessary to assess whether it is
probable that sufficient suitable taxable profits
will arise in the UK to utilise the deferred tax assets
recognised.
59
Discontinued
operations and
business disposals
The assets, liabilities and associated consolidation
adjustments of the ITP Aero business to be recognised
on disposal.
59
Research and
development
Determination of the point in time where costs
incurred on an internal programme development
meet the criteria for capitalisation.
Determination of the basis for amortising capitalised
development costs.
61
Leases Determination of the lease term. Estimates of the payments required to meet
residual value guarantees at the end of engine
leases.
62
Impairment of non-
current assets
Determination of cash-generating units for assessing
impairment of goodwill.
63
Provisions Whether any costs should be treated as wastage. Estimates of the time to resolve the technical
issues on the Trent 1000, including the
development of the modified high-pressure
turbine (HPT) blade and estimates of the
expenditure required to settle the obligation
relating to Trent 1000 long-term contracts
assessed as onerous.
Estimates of the future revenues and costs to fulfil
onerous contracts.
Assumptions implicit within the calculation of
discount rates.
64
Post-retirement
benefits
Estimates of the assumptions for valuing the net
defined benefit obligation.
65
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
56
1 Accounting policies continued
Significant accounting policies
The Group’s significant accounting policies are set out below. These accounting policies have been applied consistently to all periods presented
in these Consolidated Financial Statements.
Basis of consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the Company Financial Statements and its subsidiary undertakings together with the Group’s share
of the results in joint arrangements and associates made up to 31 December.
A subsidiary is an entity controlled by the Company. Control exists when the Company has power over an entity, exposure to variable returns
from its involvement with an entity and the ability to use its power over an entity so as to affect the Company’s returns. Subsidiaries are
consolidated in accordance with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements.
A joint arrangement is an entity in which the Group holds a long-term interest and which is jointly controlled by the Group and one or more other
investors under a contractual arrangement. Joint arrangements may be either joint ventures or joint operations. Joint ventures are accounted for
using the equity method of accounting and joint operations are accounted for using proportionate accounting.
An associate is an entity that is neither a subsidiary nor a joint arrangement, in which the Group holds a long-term interest and where the Group
has a significant influence. The results of associates are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
All intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated on consolidation. Adjustments are made to eliminate the profit or loss
arising on transactions with joint arrangements and associates to the extent of the Group’s interest in the entity. Transactions with non-controlling
interests are recorded directly in equity.
Any subsidiary undertaking, joint arrangement or associate sold or acquired during the year are included up to, or from, the date of change of
control. Details of transactions in the year are set out in note 26.
Revenue recognition and contract assets and liabilities
Revenue recognised comprises sales to the Group’s customers after discounts and amounts payable to customers. Revenue excludes value added
taxes. The transaction price of a contract is typically clearly stated within the contract, although the absolute amount may be dependent on
escalation indices and long-term contracts that require the key estimates highlighted below to be made. Refund liabilities, where sales are made
with a right of return, are not typical in the Group’s contracts. Where they do exist, and consideration has been received, a portion based on an
assessment of the expected refund liability is recognised within other payables. The Group has elected to use the practical expedient not to adjust
revenue for the effect of financing components where the expectation is that the period between the transfer of goods and services to customers
and the receipt of payment is less than a year. Consideration is received in the form of deposits and payments for completion of milestones or
performance obligations. LTSA cash receipts are typically received based on EFHs.
Sales of standard OE, spare parts and time and material overhaul services are generally recognised on transfer of control to the customer. This is
generally on delivery to the customer, unless the specific contractual terms indicate a different point. The Directors consider whether there is a
need to constrain the amount of revenue to be recognised on delivery based on the contractual position and any relevant facts, however, this is
not typically required.
Sales of OE and services that are specifically designed for the contract (most significantly in the Defence business) are recognised by reference
to the progress towards completion of the performance obligation, using the cost method described in the key judgements, provided the outcome
of contracts can be assessed with reasonable certainty.
The Group generates a significant portion of its revenue on aftermarket arrangements arising from the installed OE fleet. As a consequence, in
particular in the Civil Aerospace large engine business, the Group will often agree contractual prices for OE deliveries that take into account the
anticipated aftermarket arrangements. Sometimes this may result in losses being incurred on OE. As described in the key judgements, these
contracts are not combined. The consideration in the OE contract is therefore allocated to OE performance obligations and the consideration in
the aftermarket contract to aftermarket performance obligations.
Key areas of the accounting policy are:
– Future variable revenue from long-term contracts is constrained to take account of the risk of non-recovery of resulting contract balances
from reduced utilisation e.g. EFHs, based on historical forecasting experience and the risk of aircraft being parked by the customer.
– A significant amount of revenue and cost related to long-term contract accounting is denominated in currencies other than that of the
relevant Group undertaking, most significantly USD transactions in sterling and euro denominated undertakings. These are translated at
estimated long-term exchange rates.
– The assessment of stage of completion is generally measured for each contract. However, in certain cases, such as for CorporateCare
agreements, where there are many contracts covering aftermarket services each for a small number of engines, the Group accounts for a
portfolio of contracts together, as the effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements would not differ materially from applying the standard
to the individual contracts in the portfolio. When accounting for a portfolio of LTSAs, the Group uses estimates and assumptions that reflect
the size and composition of the portfolio.
– A contract asset/liability is recognised where payment is received in arrears/advance of the revenue recognised in meeting performance obligations.
– Where material, wastage costs (see key judgements below) are recorded as an exceptional non-underlying expense.
If the expected costs to fulfil a contract exceed the expected revenue, a contract loss provision is recognised for the excess costs.
The Group pays participation fees to airframe manufacturers, its customers for OE, on certain programmes. Amounts paid are initially treated as contract
assets and subsequently charged as a reduction to the OE revenue when the engines are transferred to the customer.
The Group has elected to use the practical expedient to expense as incurred any incremental costs of obtaining or fulfilling a contract if the
amortisation period of an asset created would have been one year or less. Where costs to obtain a contract are recognised in the balance sheet,
they are amortised over the performance of the related contract (two to 13 years).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
57
1 Accounting policies continued
Key judgement – Whether Civil Aerospace OE and aftermarket contracts should be combined
In the Civil Aerospace business, OE contracts for the sale of engines to be installed on new aircraft are with the airframers, while the contracts to
provide spare engines and aftermarket goods and services are with the aircraft operators, although there may be inter-dependencies between them.
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers includes guidance on the combination of contracts, in particular that contracts with unrelated
parties should not be combined. Notwithstanding the interdependencies, the Directors consider that the engine contract should be considered
separately from the aftermarket contract. In making this judgement, they also took account of industry practice.
Key judgement – How performance on long-term aftermarket contracts should be measured
The Group generates a significant proportion of its revenue from aftermarket arrangements. These aftermarket contracts, such as TotalCare and
CorporateCare agreements in the Civil Aerospace business, cover a range of services and generally have contractual terms covering more than
one year. Under these contracts, the Group’s primary obligation is to maintain customers’ engines in an operational condition. This is achieved by
undertaking various activities, such as maintenance, repair and overhaul, and engine monitoring over the period of the contract. Revenue on
these contracts is recognised over the period of the contract and the basis for measuring progress is a matter of judgement. The Directors consider
that the stage of completion of the contract is best measured by using the actual costs incurred to date compared to the estimated costs to
complete the performance obligations, as this reflects the extent of completion of the activities to be performed.
Key judgement – Whether any costs should be treated as wastage
In rare circumstances, the Group may incur costs of wasted material, labour or other resources to fulfil a contract where the level of cost was
not reflected in the contract price. The identification of such costs is a matter of judgement and would only be expected to arise where there
has been a series of abnormal events which give rise to a significant level of cost of a nature that the Group would not expect to incur and hence
is not reflected in the contract price. Examples include technical issues that: require resolution to meet regulatory requirements; have a wide-
ranging impact across a product type; and cause significant operational disruption to customers. Similarly, in these rare circumstances,
significant disruption costs to support customers resulting from the actual performance of a delivered good or service may be treated as a
wastage cost. Provision is made for any costs identified as wastage when the obligation to incur them arises – see note 20.
Key judgement – Whether sales of spare engines to joint ventures are at fair value
The Civil Aerospace business maintains a pool of spare engines to support its customers. Some of these engines are sold to, and held by, joint venture
companies. The assessment of whether the sales price reflects fair value is a key judgement. The Group considers that based upon the terms and
conditions of the sales, and by comparison to the sales price of spare engines to other third parties, the sales made to joint ventures reflect the fair
value of the goods sold. See note 25 for the value of sales to joint ventures during the year.
Key judgement – When revenue should be recognised in relation to spare engine sales
Revenue is recognised at the point in time when a customer obtains control of a spare engine. The customer could be a related party, an external
operator or a spare engine service provider. Depending on the contractual arrangements, judgement is required on when the Group relinquishes
control of spare engines and, therefore, when the revenue is recognised. The point of control passing has been concluded to correspond to the
point of legal sale, even for instances where the customer is contracted to provide some future spare engine capacity to the Group to support its
installed engine base. In such cases, the customer has responsibility for generating revenue from the engines and exposure to periods of non-
utilisation; exposure to risk of damage or loss, risk from residual value movements, and will determine if and when profits will be made from disposal.
The spare engine capacity that will be made available to the Group in the future does not consist of identified assets and the provider retains a
substantive right to substitute the asset through the Group’s period of use. It is, therefore, appropriate to recognise revenue from the sale of the
spare engines at the point that title transfers. During 2022, of the total 44 (2021: 36) large spare engine sales delivered, 20 (2021: six) engines were
sold to customers where contractual arrangement allows for some future spare engine capacity to be used by the Group. These sales contributed
£454m (2021: £111m) to revenue for the year.
Key estimate – Estimates of future revenue and costs on long-term contractual arrangements
The Group has long-term contracts that fall into different accounting periods and which can extend over significant periods (generally up to 25 years),
the most significant of these are LTSAs in the Civil Aerospace business, with an average remaining term of around ten years. The estimated revenue
and costs are inherently imprecise and significant estimates are required to assess: EFHs, time-on-wing and other operating parameters; the pattern
of future maintenance activity and the costs to be incurred; lifecycle cost improvements over the term of the contracts; and escalation of revenue and
costs (that includes the impact of inflation). The impact of climate change on EFHs and costs is also considered when making these estimates. Industry
and customer data on expected levels of utilisation is included in the forecasts used. Across the length of the current Civil Aerospace LTSA contracts,
allowance has been made for around a 1% (2021: 1%) projected cost increase resulting from carbon pricing and commodity price changes.
The sensitivities below demonstrate how changes in assumptions (including as a result of climate change) could impact the level of revenue
recognised were assumptions to change. The Directors believe that the estimates used to prepare the Consolidated Financial Statements take
account of the inherent uncertainties, constraining the expected level of revenue as appropriate.
Estimates of future LTSA revenue within Civil Aerospace are based upon future EFH forecasts, influenced by assumptions over the recovery
of the civil aviation industry. Finally, many of the revenues and costs are denominated in currencies other than that of the relevant group
undertaking. These are translated at an estimated long-term exchange rate, based on historical trends and economic forecasts.
During the year, changes to the estimate in relation to the Civil Aerospace LTSA contracts resulted in favourable catch-up adjustments to
revenue of £360m (2021: £214m).
Based upon the stage of completion of all LTSA contracts within Civil Aerospace as at 31 December 2022, the following reasonably possible
changes in estimates would result in catch-up adjustments being recognised in the period in which the estimates change (at underlying rates):
- A change in forecast EFHs of 1% over the remaining term of the contracts would impact LTSA income and to a lesser extent costs, resulting
in an in-year impact of around £20m. This would be expected to be seen as a catch-up change in revenue or, to the extent it impacts
onerous contracts, within cost of sales.
- A 2% increase or decrease in our pricing to customers over the life of the contracts would lead to a revenue catch-up adjustment in the
next 12 months of around £260m.
- A 2% increase or decrease in shop visit costs over the life of the contracts would lead to a revenue catch-up adjustment in the next 12
months of around £100m.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
58
1 Accounting policies continued
Risk and revenue sharing arrangements (RRSAs)
Cash entry fees received are initially deferred on the balance sheet within trade payables and other liabilities. They are then recognised as a
reduction in cost of sales incurred. Individual programme amounts are allocated pro rata to the estimated number of units to be produced.
Amortisation commences as each unit is delivered and then recognised on a 15-year straight-line basis.
The payments to suppliers of their shares of the programme cash flows for their production components are charged to cost of sales when OE
sales are recognised or as LTSA costs are incurred.
The Group also has arrangements with third parties who invest in a programme and receive a return based on its performance, but do not
undertake development work or supply parts. Such arrangements (financial RRSAs) are financial instruments as defined by IAS 32 Financial
Instruments: Presentation and are accounted for using the amortised cost method.
Key judgement – Determination of the nature of entry fees received
RRSAs with key suppliers (workshare partners) are a feature of the civil aviation industry business. Under these contractual arrangements, the
key commercial objectives are that: (i) during the development phase the workshare partner shares in the risks of developing an engine by
performing its own development work, providing development parts, and paying a non-refundable cash entry fee; and (ii) during the production
phase the workshare partner supplies components in return for a share of the programme cash flows as a ‘life of type’ supplier (i.e. as long as
the engine remains in service).
The non-refundable cash entry fee is judged by the Group to be a contribution towards the development expenditure incurred. These receipts
are deferred on the balance sheet and recognised against the cost of sales over the estimated number of units to be delivered on a similar
basis to the amortisation of development costs – see page 61.
Royalty payments
Where a government or similar body has previously acquired an interest in the intellectual property of a programme, royalty payments are
matched to the related sales.
Government grants
Government grants received are varied in nature and are recognised in the income statement so as to match them with the related expenses that
they are intended to compensate. Where grants are received in advance of the related expenses, they are initially recognised as liabilities within
trade payables and other liabilities and released to match the related expenditure. Non-monetary grants are recognised at fair value.
Interest
Interest receivable/payable is credited/charged to the income statement using the effective interest method. Where borrowing costs are
attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset, such costs are capitalised as part of the specific asset.
Taxation
The tax charge/credit on the profit or loss for the year comprises current and deferred tax:
– Current tax is the expected tax payable for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date, and any
adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.
– Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet liability method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the
assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for tax purposes and is calculated using the enacted or
substantively enacted rates that are expected to apply when the asset or liability is settled. In the UK, the deferred tax liability on the pension
scheme surplus is recognised consistently with the basis for recognising the surplus i.e. at the rate applicable to refunds from a trust.
Tax is charged or credited to the income statement or OCI as appropriate, except when it relates to items credited or charged directly to equity
in which case the tax is also dealt with in equity.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and joint arrangements, except
where the Group is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in
the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is not recognised on taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill or for
temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that
affects neither accounting nor taxable profit.
Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits, which include the reversal of taxable temporary
differences, will be available against which the assets can be utilised. Further details on the Group’s tax position can be found on pages 78 and 79.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
59
1 Accounting policies continued
Taxation (continued)
Key estimate – Estimates necessary to assess whether it is probable that sufficient suitable taxable profits will arise in the UK to utilise the
deferred tax assets recognised
Deferred tax assets are only recognised to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which the deductible
temporary difference can be utilised. On this basis a deferred tax asset of £2,040m is not recognised in respect of UK tax losses. Further details
are included in note 5.
In addition to taking into account a severe but plausible downside forecast (see below), the climate-related estimates and assumptions (set out
on pages 52 to 54) have also been considered when assessing the recoverability of the deferred tax assets. Recognising the longer terms over
which these assets will be recovered, the Group has considered the risk that regulatory changes could materially impact demand for our
products and shifting investment focus towards more sustainable products and solutions. The climate scenarios prepared do not indicate a
significant deterioration in demand or profitability for Civil Aerospace programmes given that all commercial aero-engines will be compatible
with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023.
While carbon and commodity pricing may put pressure on costs, decarbonisation and new supplier and customer contracts offer the
opportunity to receive value for more efficient and sustainable products.
Macro-economic factors continue to result in uncertainty over the recovery of demand across the civil aviation industry. As explained in note
5, a 25% probability of there being a severe but plausible downside forecast in relation to the civil aviation industry has been taken into account
in the assessment of the recovery of the UK deferred tax assets.
The estimates take account of the inherent uncertainties constraining the expected level of profit as appropriate. Changes in these estimates
will affect future profits and, therefore, the recoverability of the deferred tax assets. The following sensitivities have been modelled to
demonstrate the impact of changes in assumptions on the recoverability of deferred tax assets.
– A 5% change in margin in the main Civil Aerospace large engine programmes.
– A 5% change in the number of shop visits driven by EFHs.
– Assumed future cost increases from climate change expected to pass through to customers at 100% are restricted to 90% pass through.
All of these could be driven by a number of factors, including the impact of climate change as explained on pages 52 to 54 and changes in
foreign exchange rates.
A 5% change in margin or shop visits (which could be driven by fewer EFHs as a result of climate change) would result in an increase/ decrease
in the deferred tax asset of around £130m.
If only 90% of assumed future cost increases from climate change are passed on to customers, this would result in a decrease in the deferred
tax asset of around £50m, and if carbon prices were to double, this would be £80m.
Foreign currency translation
Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the transacting group undertaking are translated into the functional
currency at the average monthly exchange rate when the transaction occurs. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies
are translated into the relevant functional currency at the rate prevailing at the year end. Exchange differences arising on foreign exchange
transactions and the retranslation of monetary assets and liabilities into functional currencies at the rate prevailing at the year end are included
in profit/(loss) before taxation.
The trading results of Group undertakings are translated into sterling at the average exchange rates for the year. The assets and liabilities of
overseas undertakings, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated at the exchange rates prevail-ing at
the year end. Exchange adjustments arising from the retranslation of the opening net assets, and from the translation of the profits or losses at
average rates, are recognised in OCI.
Discontinued operations and business disposals
A discontinued operation is defined in IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations as a component of an entity that
has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale, represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is part of a
single co-ordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. The results of
discontinued operations are required to be presented separately in the income statement.
Assets and businesses are classified as held for sale when their carrying amounts will be recovered through sale rather than through continuing use.
Key judgement – The assets, liabilities and associated consolidation adjustments of the ITP Aero business to be recognised on disposal
In identifying the assets and liabilities that form part of the disposal group in relation to the ITP Aero business, the Group has considered
whether the associated consolidation adjustments meet the criteria to be classified within the disposal group. The consolidation adjustments
allocated to the disposal group are those that relate to the carrying value of the disposal group’s assets and liabilities. Further detail can be
found in note 26.
Financial instruments – Classification and measurement
Financial assets primarily include trade receivables, cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, derivatives (foreign exchange, commodity
and interest rate contracts), and listed and unlisted investments.
– Trade receivables are classified either as held to collect and measured at amortised cost, or as held to collect and sell and measured at fair
value, with movements in fair value recognised through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). The Group may sell trade receivables due from
certain customers before the due date. Any trade receivables from such customers that are not sold at the reporting date are classified as
‘held to collect and sell’.
– Cash and cash equivalents (consisting of balances with banks and other financial institutions, money-market funds, short-term deposits) and short-
term investments are subject to low market risk. Cash balances, short-term deposits and short-term investments are measured at amortised cost.
Money market funds are measured at fair value, with movements in fair value recognised in the income statement as a profit or loss (FVPL).
– Derivatives and unlisted investments are measured at FVPL. The Company has elected to measure its listed investments at FVOCI.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
60
1 Accounting policies continued
Financial instruments – Classification and measurement (continued)
Financial liabilities primarily consist of trade payables, borrowings, derivatives and financial RRSAs.
– Derivatives are classified and measured at FVPL.
– All other financial liabilities are classified and measured at amortised cost.
Financial instruments – Impairment of financial assets and contract assets
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments sets out the basis for the accounting of ECLs on financial assets and contract assets resulting from transactions within
the scope of IFRS 15. The Group has adopted the simplified approach to provide for ECLs, measuring the loss allowance at a probability weighted
amount that considers reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions of
customers. These are incorporated in the simplified model adopted by using credit ratings which are publicly available, or through internal risk
assessments derived using the customer’s latest available financial information. The ECLs are updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in
credit risk since initial recognition. ECLs are calculated for all financial assets in scope, regardless of whether or not they are overdue.
Financial instruments – Hedge accounting
Forward foreign exchange contracts and commodity swaps (derivative financial instruments) are held to manage the cash flow exposures of forecast
transactions denominated in foreign currencies or in commodities respectively. Derivative financial instruments qualify for hedge accounting when: (i)
there is a formal designation and documentation of the hedging relationship and the Group’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking
the hedge at the inception of the hedge; and (ii) the hedge is expected to be effective.
In general, the Group has chosen to not apply hedge accounting in respect of these exposures.
The Group economically hedges the fair value and cash flow exposures of its borrowings. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are held to manage
the fair value or cash flow exposures of borrowings denominated in foreign currencies and are designated as fair value hedges or cash flow
hedges as appropriate. Interest rate swaps are held to manage the interest rate exposures of fixed and floating rate borrowings and may be
designated as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges as appropriate. If the swaps are not designated as fair value or cash flow hedges, the economic
effect is included in the underlying results – see note 2.
Changes in the fair values of derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges are recognised directly in the income statement. The fair value
changes of effective cash flow hedge derivatives are recognised in OCI and subsequently recycled to the income statement in the same period or
periods during which the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss. Any ineffectiveness in the hedging relationship is included in the income statement.
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge
accounting. At that time, for cash flow hedges and, if the forecast transaction remains probable, any net cumulative gain or loss on the hedging
instrument recognised in SOCIE is retained until the forecast transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net
cumulative gain or loss is recycled to the income statement.
Financial instruments – Replacement of benchmark interest rates
In August 2020, Phase 2 of IBOR reform was published, effective from 1 January 2021. The amendments address issues that arise from the
implementation of the reforms including the replacement of one benchmark with an alternative one. The Phase 2 amendments provide additional
temporary reliefs from applying specific IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements
to hedging relationships directly affected by IBOR reform.
A number of the Group’s lease liabilities are based on a LIBOR index. These are predominantly referencing USD LIBOR, which is not expected to
cease until 2023, hence the change in relation to these contracts has not impacted the 2022 financial statements. Amendments to these contracts
is in progress at the balance sheet date.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
61
1 Accounting policies continued
Business combinations and goodwill
Goodwill recognised represents the excess of the fair value of the purchase consideration over the fair value to the Group of the net of the
identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. On transition to IFRS on 1 January 2004, business combinations were not retrospectively
adjusted to comply with UK-adopted International Accounting Standards and goodwill was recognised based on the carrying value under the
previous accounting policies. Goodwill, in respect of the acquisition of a subsidiary, is recognised as an intangible asset. Goodwill arising on the
acquisition of joint arrangements and associates is included in the carrying value of the investment.
Customer relationships
The fair value of customer relationships recognised as a result of a business combination relate to the acquired company’s established
relationships with its existing customers that result in repeat purchases and customer loyalty. Amortisation is charged on a straight-line basis over
its useful economic life, up to a maximum of 15 years.
Certification costs
Costs incurred, in respect of meeting regulatory certification requirements for new Civil Aerospace aero-engine/aircraft combinations, including
payments made to airframe manufacturers for this, are recognised as intangible assets to the extent that they can be recovered out of future
sales. They are charged to the income statement over the programme life. Individual programme assets are allocated pro rata to the estimated
number of units to be produced. Amortisation commences as each unit is delivered and then charged on a 15-year straight-line basis.
Research and development
Expenditure incurred on research and development is distinguished as relating either to a research phase or to a development phase. All research
phase expenditure is charged to the income statement. Development expenditure is recognised as an internally generated intangible asset
(programme asset) only if it meets strict criteria, relating in particular to technical feasibility and generation of future economic benefits. More
specifically, development costs are capitalised from the point at which the following conditions have been met:
– the technical feasibility of completing the programme and the intention and ability (availability of technical, financial and other resources) to
complete the programme asset and use or sell it;
– the probability that future economic benefits will flow from the programme asset; and
– the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the programme asset during its development.
Capitalisation continues until the point at which the programme asset meets its originally contracted technical specification (defined internally as
the point at which the asset is capable of operating in the manner intended by the Directors).
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised where it enhances the functionality of the programme asset and demonstrably generates an enhanced
economic benefit to the Group. All other subsequent expenditure on programme assets is expensed as incurred.
Individual programme assets are allocated pro rata to the estimated number of units to be produced. Amortisation commences as each unit is
delivered and then charged on a 15-year straight-line basis. In accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets, the basis on which programme assets
are amortised is assessed annually.
Key judgement – Determination of the point in time where costs incurred on an internal programme development meet the criteria for
capitalisation
The Group incurs significant research and development expenditure in respect of various development programmes. Determining when
capitalisation should commence and cease is a key judgement, as is the determination of when subsequent expenditure on the programme
assets should be capitalised. During the year, £131m of development expenditure was capitalised.
Within the Group, there is an established Product Introduction and Lifecycle Management process (PILM) in place. Within this process, the
technical feasibility, the commercial viability and financial assessment of the programme is assessed at certain milestones. When these are met,
development expenditure is capitalised. Prior to this, expenditure is expensed as incurred.
The Group continues to invest in new technologies as a result of its decarbonisation commitments. As these are new technologies, there is a
higher level of uncertainty over potential outcomes and, therefore, this could impact the level of expenditure that is capitalised or recognised
in the income statement in future years.
Subsequent expenditure after entry into service which enhances the performance of the engine and the economic benefits to the Group is
capitalised. This expenditure is referred to as enhanced performance and is governed by the PILM process referred to above. All other
development costs are expensed as incurred.
Key judgement – Determination of the basis for amortising capitalised development costs
The economic benefits of the development costs are primarily those cash inflows arising from LTSAs, which are expected to be relatively
consistent for each engine within a programme. Amortisation of development costs is recognised on a straight-line basis over the estimated
period of operation of the engine by its initial operator.
Software
Software that is not specific to an item of property, plant and equipment is classified as an intangible asset, recognised at its acquisition cost and
amortised on a straight-line basis over its useful economic life. The amortisation period of software assets is reviewed annually. In 2022, the
amortisation period was changed from a maximum of five years to a maximum of ten years to reflect the expected useful lives of the assets. The
change has been accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and has impacted a limited amount of assets with an immaterial impact on the
results for the year. The cost of internally developed software includes direct labour and an appropriate proportion of overheads.
Other intangible assets
These principally include intangible assets arising on acquisition of businesses, such as technology, patents and licences, which are amortised
on a straight-line basis over a maximum of 15 years, and trademarks which are not amortised.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
62
1 Accounting policies continued
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation and any provision for impairment in value. The cost of
self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of overheads and, where appropriate, interest.
Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis to write off the cost, less the estimated residual value, of property, plant and equipment over
their estimated useful lives. No depreciation is recorded on assets in the course of construction. Estimated useful lives are reassessed annually
and are as follows:
– Land and buildings, as advised by the Group’s professional advisers:
– freehold buildings – five to 50 years (average 23 years); and
– no depreciation is provided on freehold land.
– Plant and equipment – two to 27 years (average 11 years).
– Aircraft and engines – five to 20 years (average 16 years).
Leases
Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis.
Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:
– fixed payments less any lease incentive receivable;
– variable lease payments that are based on an index or a rate;
– amounts expected to be payable by the Group under residual value guarantees;
– the exercise price of a purchase option if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
– payments of penalties for termination of the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising that option.
Where leases commenced after the initial IFRS 16 Leases transition date, the lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the
lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the Group would have to pay to
borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with similar terms and conditions. Where
appropriate, lease liabilities are revalued at each reporting date using the spot exchange rate.
The Group did not adopt the amendment to IFRS 16 Leases, effective in 2022, which provides a practical expedient to not treat COVID-19 rent
concessions as lease modifications.
Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:
– the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability or a revaluation of the liability;
– any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received;
– any initial direct costs; and
– restoration costs.
Each right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of its useful economic life and the lease term on a straight-line basis unless the lease is
expected to transfer ownership of the underlying asset to the Group, in which case the asset is depreciated to the end of the useful life of the asset.
Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Payments associated with short-term leases and low-value leases are recognised
on a straight-line basis as an expense in the income statement.
Key judgement – Determination of lease term
In determining the lease term, the Group considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension
option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination) are only included in the lease term if the lease is
reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). Certain land and building leases have renewal options with renewal dates for the most
significant property leases evenly spread between 2022–2028 and in 2041. The Group reviews its judgements on lease terms annually, including
the operational significance of the site, especially where utilised for manufacturing activities.
Key estimates – Estimates of the payments required to meet residual value guarantees at the end of engine leases
Engine leases in the Civil Aerospace business often include clauses that require the engines to be returned to the lessor with specific levels of
usable life remaining or cash payments to the lessor. The costs of meeting these requirements are included in the lease payments. The amounts
payable are calculated based upon an estimate of the utilisation of the engines over the lease term, whether the engine is restored to the required
condition by performing an overhaul at our own cost or through the payments of amounts specified in the contract and any new contractual
arrangements arising when the current lease contracts end. Amounts due can vary depending on the level of utilisation of the engines, overhaul
activity prior to the end of the contract, and decisions taken on whether ongoing access to the assets is required at the end of the lease term.
During the year, adjustments to return conditions at the end of leases resulted in a credit of £4m to the income statement. The lease liability at 31
December 2022 included £434m relating to the cost of meeting these residual value guarantees in the Civil Aerospace business. Up to £114m is
payable in the next 12 months, £175m is due over the following four years and the remaining balance after five years.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
63
1 Accounting policies continued
Impairment of non-current assets
Impairment of non-current assets is considered in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. Where the asset does not generate cash flows
that are independent of other assets, impairment is considered for the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. Goodwill, indefinite
life intangible assets and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually. Other intangible assets (including
programme-related intangible assets), property, plant and equipment and investments are assessed for any indications of impairment annually. If
any indication of impairment is identified, an impairment test is performed to estimate the recoverable amount.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be below the carrying value, the carrying value is reduced to the recoverable
amount and the impairment loss is recognised as an expense. The recoverable amount is the higher of value in use or fair value less costs of
disposal, if this is readily available. The value in use is the present value of future cash flows using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the time
value of money and the risk specific to the asset (or CGU). Fair value less costs of disposal (FVLCOD) reflects market inputs or inputs based on
market evidence if readily available. If these inputs are not readily available, the fair value is estimated by discounting future cash flows modified
for market participants views. The relevant local statutory tax rates have been applied in calculating post-tax to pre-tax discount rates.
Key judgement – Determination of CGUs for assessing impairment of goodwill
The Group conducts impairment reviews at the CGU level. As permitted by IAS 36, impairment reviews for goodwill are performed at the groups
of CGUs level, representing the lowest level at which the Group monitors goodwill for internal management purposes and no higher than the
Group’s operating segments. The main CGUs for which goodwill impairment reviews have been performed are Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd &
Co KG and at an aggregated Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG level.
Inventories
Inventories are valued on a first-in, first-out basis, at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost comprises direct materials and, where applicable,
direct labour costs and those direct and indirect overheads, including depreciation of property, plant and equipment, that have been incurred in
bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling prices less all estimated costs
of completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. All inventories are classified as current as it is expected that they will
be used in the Group’s operating cycle, regardless of whether this is expected to be within 12 months of the balance sheet date.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash at bank and in hand, investments in money-market funds and short-term deposits with a maturity of three
months or less on inception. The Group considers overdrafts (repayable on demand) to be an integral part of its cash management activities and
these are included in cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of the cash flow statement. Where the Group operates pooled banking
arrangements across multiple accounts, these are presented on a net basis when it has both a legal right and intention to settle the balances on
a net basis.
The Group offers a supply chain financing (SCF) programme through partnership with banks to enable suppliers, including joint ventures, who
are on our standard 75 day or more payment terms to receive their payment sooner. The election to utilise the programme is the sole decision of
the supplier. As the Group continues to have a contractual obligation to pay its suppliers under commercial terms which are unaffected by any
utilisation of the programme, and it does not retain any ongoing involvement in the SCF, the related payables are retained on the Group’s balance
sheet and classified as trade payables. Further details are disclosed in note 18.
Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that the Group will be required
to settle that obligation. Provisions are discounted to present value where the effect is material.
The principal provisions are recognised as follows:
– Trent 1000 in-service issues when wastage costs are identified as described on page 57;
– contract losses based on an assessment of whether the direct costs to fulfil a contract are greater than the expected revenue;
– warranties and guarantees based on an assessment of future claims with reference to past experience and recognised at the earlier of when
the underlying products and services are sold and when the likelihood of a future cost is identified; and
– restructuring when the Group has approved a detailed and formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring has either commenced or has
created a valid expectation to those affected.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
64
1 Accounting policies continued
Provisions (continued)
Key judgement – Whether any costs should be treated as wastage
As described further on page 57, in rare circumstances, the Group may incur costs of wasted material, labour or other resources to fulfil a
contract where the level of cost was not reflected in the contract price. The identification of such costs is a matter of judgement and would
only be expected to arise where there has been a series of abnormal events which give rise to a significant level of cost of a nature that the
Group would not expect to incur and hence is not reflected in the contract price. Provision is made for any costs identified as wastage when
the obligation to incur them arises.
Specifically for the Trent 1000 wastage costs, provision has been made as the Group is an owner of an engine Type Certificate under which it
has a present obligation to develop appropriate design changes to address certain engine conditions that have been noted in issued
Airworthiness Directives. The Group is also required to ensure engine operators can continue to safely operate engines within the terms of
their LTSAs, and this requires the engines to be compliant with the requirements of those issued Airworthiness Directives. These requirements
cannot be met without the Group incurring significant costs in the form of replacement parts and customer claims. Given the significant
activities of the Group in designing and overhauling aero engines it is very experienced in making the required estimates in relation to the
number and timing of shop visits, parts costs, overhaul labour costs and customer claims.
Key estimate – Estimates of the time to resolve the technical issues on the Trent 1000, including the development of the modified HPT blade
and estimates of the expenditure required to settle the obligation relating to Trent 1000 claims and to settle Trent 1000 long-term contracts
assessed as onerous
The Group has provisions for Trent 1000 wastage costs at 31 December 2022 of £179m (2021: £157m). These represent the Directors’ best
estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligations at the balance sheet date. These estimates take account of information available
and different possible outcomes.
The Group considers that at 31 December 2022 the Trent 1000 contract loss provisions and the Trent 1000 wastage cost provision are most
sensitive to changes in estimates. A 12-month delay in the availability of the modified HPT blade could lead to around a £40–70m increase in
the Trent 1000 wastage costs provision.
Key estimates – Estimates of the future revenues and costs to fulfil onerous contracts
The Group has provisions for onerous contracts at 31 December 2022 of £1,592m (I January 2022: £1,568m).
An increase in Civil Aerospace large engine estimates of LTSA costs of 1% over the remaining term of the contracts could lead to around a
£100–125m increase in the provision for contract losses across all programmes.
Key estimates – Assumptions implicit in the calculation of discount rates
The contract loss provisions for onerous contracts are sensitive to changes in the discount rate used to value the provisions. The rate used for
each contract is derived from bond yields (i.e. risk-free rates) with a similar duration and currency to the contract that they are applied to. The
rate is adjusted to reflect the specific inflation characteristics of the contracts. The forecast rates are determined from third-party market
analysis and average 4%. A 1% change in the discount rates used could lead to around a £80-100m change in the provision.
Customer financing support
In connection with the sale of its products, the Group will, on occasion, provide financing support for its customers. These arrangements fall into
two categories: credit-based guarantees and asset-value guarantees. Credit-based guarantees are disclosed as commitments or contingent
liabilities dependent on whether aircraft have been delivered or not. The Group considers asset-value guarantees to be non-financial liabilities
and provides for amounts required. As described on page 57, the Directors consider the likelihood of crystallisation in assessing whether provision
is required for any contingent liabilities.
The Group’s contingent liabilities relating to financing arrangements are spread over many years and relate to a number of customers and a broad
product portfolio and are reported on a discounted basis.
Post-retirement benefits
Pensions and similar benefits (principally healthcare) are accounted for under IAS 19 Employee Benefits.
For defined benefit plans, obligations are measured at discounted present value, using a discount rate derived from high-quality corporate bonds
denominated in the currency of the plan, whilst plan assets are recorded at fair value. Surpluses in schemes are recognised as assets only if they
represent economic benefits available to the Group in the future. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised immediately in OCI. The service and
financing costs of such plans are recognised separately in the income statement:
– current service costs are spread systematically over the lives of employees;
– past-service costs and settlements are recognised immediately; and
– financing costs are recognised in the periods in which they arise.
UK pension obligations include the estimated impact of the obligation to equalise defined benefit pensions and transfer values for men and women.
Payments to defined contribution schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
65
1 Accounting policies continued
Post-retirement benefits (continued)
Key estimate – Estimates of the assumptions for valuing the net defined benefit obligation
The Group’s defined benefit pension schemes and similar arrangements are assessed annually in accordance with IAS 19. The valuations, which
are based on assumptions determined with independent actuarial advice, resulted in a net deficit of £420m before deferred taxation being
recognised on the balance sheet at 31 December 2022 (2021: deficit of £225m). The size of the net surplus/ deficit is sensitive to the actuarial
assumptions, which include the discount rate, price inflation, pension and salary increases, longevity and, in the UK, the number of plan
members who take the option to transfer their pension to a lump sum on retirement or who choose to take the Bridging Pension Option.
Following consultation, the UK scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2020.
A reduction in the discount rate of 0.25% from 4.80% could lead to an increase in the defined benefit obligations of the RR UK Pension Fund
(RRUKPF) of approximately £205m. This would be expected to be broadly offset by changes in the value of scheme assets, as the scheme’s
investment policies are designed to mitigate this risk.
An increase in the assumed rate of inflation of 0.25% (RPI of 3.50% and CPI of 2.95%) could lead to an increase in the defined ben-efit
obligations of the RRUKPF of approximately £70m.
A one-year increase in life expectancy from 21.9 years (male aged 65) and from 23.2 years (male aged 45) would increase the defined benefit
obligations of the RRUKPF by approximately £215m.
Further details and sensitivities are included in note 21.
Share-based payments
The Group provides share-based payment arrangements to certain employees. These are principally equity-settled arrangements and are
measured at fair value (excluding the effect of non-market based vesting conditions) at the date of grant. The fair value is expensed on a straight-
line basis over the vesting period. The amount recognised as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of shares or options that will
vest, except where additional shares vest as a result market-based performance conditions, such as the total shareholder return (TSR) performance
condition in the long-term incentive plan (LTIP), where no adjustment is required as allowance for these performance conditions are included in
the initial fair value.
Cash-settled share options (grants in the International ShareSave plan) are measured at fair value at the balance sheet date. The Group recognises
a liability at the balance sheet date based on these fair values, taking into account the estimated number of options that are expected to vest and
the relative completion of the vesting period. Changes in the value of this liability are recognised in the income statement for the year.
The cost of shares of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc held by the Group for the purpose of fulfilling obligations in respect of employee share plans is
deducted from equity in the consolidated balance sheet. See note 23 for a further description of the share-based payment plans.
Revisions to IFRS not applicable in 2022
Standards and interpretations issued by the IASB are only applicable if endorsed by the UK. Other than IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts described
below, the Group does not consider that any standards, amendments or interpretations issued by the IASB, but not yet applicable will have a
significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts
IFRS 17 issued in May 2018, establishes the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts within
the scope of the Standard. The Standard is effective for years beginning on or after 1 January 2023 with a requirement to restate comparatives.
The Group has reviewed whether its arrangements meet the accounting definition of an insurance contract. While some contracts, including Civil
LTSAs, may transfer an element of insurance risk, they relate to warranty and service type agreements that are issued in connection with the
Group’s sales of its goods or services and therefore will remain accounted for under the existing revenue and provision standards. The Directors
have judged that such arrangements entered into after the original equipment sale remain sufficiently related to the original sale of the Group’s
goods and services.
The Group has identified that the Standard will impact the results of its captive insurance company as it issues insurance contracts, however, the
impact is expected to largely consolidate out in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Standard includes a simplified approach and
modifications to its general measurement model that can be applied in certain circumstances. Given the coverage period of these insurance
policies within the captive insurance company are 12 months or less, it is intended to make use of the ‘premium allocation approach’ for the
recognition of premiums. The confidence level and risk adjustments have been calculated using a weighted average cost of capital calculation
with discount rates based on the European Insurance and Occupational Pension Authority (EIOPA) risk-free interest rates. The opening balances
on 1 January 2022, as well as the results for 2022, have been run under IFRS 17, and the expected impact on accumulated losses is less than £1m.
The Group is in the process of concluding its analysis of whether there is any further impact as a result of adopting the new Standard. This will
conclude in the first half of 2023. At this time there is no further known or reasonably estimable information to disclose that is relevant to assessing
the possible impact that application of the new IFRS will have on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Post balance sheet events
The Group has taken the latest legal position in relation to any ongoing legal proceedings and reflected these in the 2022 results as appropriate.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
66
2 Segmental analysis
The analysis by business segment is presented in accordance with IFRS 8 Operating Segments, on the basis of those segments whose operating
results are regularly reviewed by the Board (who acts as the Chief Operating Decision Maker as defined by IFRS 8). The Group’s four businesses
are set out below.
Civil Aerospace development, manufacture, marketing and sales of commercial aero engines and aftermarket services
Defence development, manufacture, marketing and sales of military aero engines, naval engines, submarine nuclear power plants and
aftermarket services
Power Systems development, manufacture, marketing and sales of integrated solutions for onsite power and propulsion
New Markets development, manufacture and sales of small modular reactor (SMR) and new electrical power solutions
Other businesses include the trading results of the Bergen Engines AS business until the date of disposal on 31 December 2021 and the results of the Civil
Nuclear Instrumentation & Control business until the date of disposal on 5 November 2021 and the trading results of the UK Civil Nuclear business.
Underlying results
The Group presents the financial performance of the businesses in accordance with IFRS 8 and consistently with the basis on which performance
is communicated to the Board each month.
Underlying results are presented by recording all relevant revenue and cost of sales transactions at the average exchange rate achieved on
effective settled derivative contracts in the period that the cash flow occurs. The impact of the revaluation of monetary assets and liabilities using
the exchange rate that is expected to be achieved by the use of the effective hedge book is recorded within underlying cost of sales. Underlying
financing excludes the impact of revaluing monetary assets and liabilities to period end exchange rates. Transactions between segments are
presented on the same basis as underlying results and eliminated on consolidation. Unrealised fair value gains/(losses) on foreign exchange
contracts, which are recognised as they arise in the statutory results, are excluded from underlying results. To the extent that the previously
forecast transactions are no longer expected to occur, an appropriate portion of the unrealised fair value gain/(loss) on foreign exchange
contracts is recorded immediately in the underlying results.
Amounts receivable/(payable) on interest rate swaps which are not designated as hedge relationships for accounting purposes are reclassified from
fair value movement on a statutory basis to interest receivable/(payable) on an underlying basis, as if they were in an effective hedge relationship.
In the year to 31 December 2022, the Group was a net seller of USD at an achieved exchange rate GBP:USD of 1.50 (2021: In the first half of the
year, the Group was a net purchaser of USD at an achieved exchange rate of GBP:USD 1.39. In the second half of 2021, the Group was a net seller
of USD at an achieved exchange rate of GBP:USD 1.59) based on the USD hedge book.
Estimates of future USD cash flows have been determined using the Group's base-case forecast. These USD cash flows have been used to establish
the extent of future USD hedge requirements. In 2020, the Group took action to reduce the size of the USD hedge book by $11.8bn across 2020-2026,
resulting in an underlying charge of £1.7bn being recognised within underlying finance costs and the associated cash settlement costs occurring over
the period 2020-2026. The derivatives relating to this underlying charge have been subsequently excluded from the hedge book, and therefore are
also excluded from the calculation of the average exchange rate achieved in the current and future periods. This charge was reversed in arriving at
2020 statutory performance on the basis that the cumulative fair value changes on these derivative contracts are recognised as they arise.
Underlying performance also excludes the following:
– the effect of acquisition accounting and business disposals;
– impairment of goodwill, other non-current and current assets where the reasons for the impairment are outside of normal operating activities;
– exceptional items; and
– certain other items which are market driven and outside of the control of management.
Acquisition accounting, business disposals and impairment
The Group exclude these from underlying results so that the current year and comparative results are directly comparable.
Exceptional items
Items are classified as exceptional where the Directors believe that presentation of the results in this way is useful in providing an understanding
of the Group’s financial performance. Exceptional items are identified by virtue of their size, nature or incidence.
In determining whether an event or transaction is exceptional, the Directors consider quantitative as well as qualitative factors such as the
frequency or predictability of occurrence. Examples of exceptional items include one-time costs and charges in respect of aerospace programmes,
costs of restructuring programmes and one-time past service charges and credits on post-retirement schemes.
Subsequent changes in exceptional items recognised in a prior period will also be recognised as exceptional. All other changes will be recognised
within underlying performance.
Exceptional items are not allocated to segments and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
Other items
The financing component of the defined benefit pension scheme cost is determined by market conditions and has therefore been included as a
reconciling difference between underlying performance and statutory performance.
The tax effects of the adjustments above are excluded from the underlying tax charge. In addition, changes in tax rates or changes in the amount
of recoverable deferred tax or advance corporation tax recognised are also excluded.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
67
2 Segmental analysis continued
The following analysis sets out the results of the Group’s businesses on the basis described above and also includes a reconciliation of the
underlying results to those reported in the consolidated income statement.
Civil
Aerospace
£m
Defence
£m
Power
Systems
£m
New
Markets
£m
Other
businesses
£m
Corporate
and Inter-
segment
£m
Total
Underlying
£m
Year ended 31 December
202
2
Underlying revenue from sale of original equipment
1,982
1,634
2,187
1
–
(5)
5,799
Underlying revenue from aftermarket services
3,704
2,026
1,160
2
–
–
6,892
Total underlying revenue
5,686
3,660
3,347
3
–
(5)
12,691
Gross profit/(loss)
853
726
918
(1)
(29)
10
2,477
Commercial and administrative costs
(371)
(174)
(441)
(23)
(2)
(51)
(1,062)
Research and development costs
(452)
(122)
(204)
(108)
–
–
(886)
Share of results of joint ventures and associates
113
2
8
–
–
–
123
Underlying operating profit
/(loss)
143
432
281
(132)
(31)
(41)
652
Year ended 31 December 202
1
Underlying revenue from sale of original equipment
1,612
1,411
1,744
–
155
(11)
4,911
Underlying revenue from aftermarket services
2,924
1,957
1,005
2
148
–
6,036
Total underlying revenue
4,536
3,368
2,749
2
303
(11)
10,947
Gross
profit /
(loss)
474
721
778
1
32
(10)
1,996
Commercial and administrative costs
(297)
(161)
(383)
(3)
(20)
(35)
(899)
Research and development costs
(434)
(105)
(157)
(68)
(10)
–
(774)
Share of results of joint ventures and associates
85
2
4
–
–
–
91
U
nderlying
operating (loss)/profit
(172)
457
242
(70)
2
(45)
414
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
68
2 Segmental analysis continued
Reconciliation to statutory results
Total
underlying
£m
Underlying
adjustments and
adjustments to
foreign exchange
£m
Group
statutory
results
£m
Year ended 31 December
202
2
Continuing operations
Revenue from sale of original equipment
5,799
474
6,273
Revenue from aftermarket services
6,892
355
7,247
Total revenue
12,691
829
13,520
Gross
profit
2,477
280
2,757
Commercial and administrative costs
(1,062)
(15)
(1,077)
Research and development costs
(886)
(5)
(891)
Share of results of joint venture and associates
123
(75)
48
Operating
profit
652
185
837
Gain arising on disposal of businesses
–
81
81
Profit
before financing
and taxation
652
266
918
Net financing
(446)
(1,974)
(2,420)
Profit/(loss)
before
taxation
206
(1,708)
(1,502)
Taxation
(48)
356
308
Profit/(loss)
for the year
from continuing operations
158
(1,352)
(1,194)
Discontinued operations
1
67
(147)
(80)
Profit/(loss)
for the
year
225
(1,499)
(1,274)
Attributable to:
Ordinary shareholders
230
(1,499)
(1,269)
Non
-
controlling interests
(5)
–
(5)
Year
ended 31 December 202
1
Continuing operations
Revenue from sale of original equipment
4,911
152
5,063
Revenue from
aftermarket services
6,036
119
6,155
Total revenue
10,947
271
11,218
Gross profit
1,996
140
2,136
Commercial and administrative costs
(899)
9
(890)
Research and development costs
(774)
(4)
(778)
Share of results of joint venture and associates
91
(46)
45
Operating profit
414
99
513
Gain arising on disposal of businesses
–
56
56
Profit before financing and taxation
414
155
569
Net financing
(378)
(485)
(863)
Profit/(loss) before
taxation
36
(330)
(294)
Taxation
(26)
444
418
Profit for the year from continuing operations
10
114
124
Discontinued operations
1
51
(54)
(3)
Profit for the year
61
60
121
Attributable to:
Ordinary shareholders
60
60
120
Non
-
controlling interests
1
–
1
1
Discontinued operations relate to the results of ITP Aero and are presented net of intercompany trading eliminations and related consolidation adjustments
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
69
2 Segmental analysis continued
Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers
Analysis by type and basis of recognition
Civil
Aerospace
£m
Defence
£m
Power
Systems
£m
New
Markets
£m
Other
businesses
£m
Corporate
and Inter-
segment
£m
Total
Underlying
£m
Year ended 31 December
202
2
Original
equipment recognised at a point in time
1,982
689
2,155
1
–
(5)
4,822
Original equipment recognised over time
–
945
32
–
–
–
977
Aftermarket services recognised at a point in time
865
769
1,076
2
–
–
2,712
Aftermarket
services recognised over time
2,772
1,257
84
–
–
–
4,113
Total underlying customer contract revenue
1
5,619
3,660
3,347
3
–
(5)
12,624
Other underlying revenue
67
–
–
–
–
–
67
Total underlying revenue
5,686
3,660
3,347
3
–
(5)
12,691
Year ended 31 December 202
1
Original equipment recognised at a point in time
1,612
604
1,720
–
142
(11)
4,067
Original equipment recognised over time
–
807
24
–
13
–
844
Aftermarket services recognised at a point in time
629
825
871
2
148
–
2,475
Aftermarket services recognised over time
2,223
1,132
134
–
–
–
3,489
Total underlying customer contract revenue
1
4,464
3,368
2,749
2
303
(11)
10,875
Other underlying revenue
72
–
–
–
–
–
72
Total underlying revenue
4,536
3,368
2,749
2
303
(11)
10,947
1
Includes £367m, of which £360m relates to Civil LTSA contracts, (2021: £159m, of which £214m relates to Civil LTSA contracts) of revenue recognised in the year relating to performance
obligations satisfied in previous years
Total underlying
£m
Underlying
adjustments and
adjustments to
foreign exchange
£m
Group
statutory
results
1
£m
Year ended 31 December
202
2
Original equipment recognised at a point in time
4,822
474
5,296
Original
equipment recognised over time
977
–
977
Aftermarket services recognised at a point in time
2,712
164
2,876
Aftermarket services recognised over time
4,113
176
4,289
Total customer contract revenue
12,624
814
13,438
Other revenue
67
15
82
Total revenue
12,691
829
13,520
Year ended 31 December 202
1
Original equipment recognised at a point in time
4,067
152
4,219
Original equipment recognised over time
844
–
844
Aftermarket services
recognised at a point in time
2,475
38
2,513
Aftermarket services recognised over time
3,489
75
3,564
Total customer contract revenue
10,875
265
11,140
Other revenue
72
6
78
Total revenue
10,947
271
11,218
1
During the year to 31 December 2022, revenue recognised within Civil Aerospace, Defence and Power Systems of £1,788m (2021: £1,634m) was received from a single customer
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
70
2 Segmental analysis continued
Analysis by geographical destination
The Group’s revenue by destination of the ultimate operator is as follows:
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
United Kingdom
1,669
1,497
Germany
855
737
Switzerland
334
164
Ireland
328
5
Turkey
220
146
Spain
188
106
France
255
332
Italy
238
187
Norway
61
146
Rest of Europe
601
629
Europe
4,749
3,949
United
States
4,334
3,525
Canada
267
235
North America
4,601
3,760
South America
168
170
Central America
91
76
Saudi Arabia
322
271
Qatar
231
131
United Arab Emirates
180
126
Rest of Middle East
164
107
Middle East
897
635
China
1,246
1,245
Singapore
317
105
Japan
276
233
South Korea
164
137
India
119
140
Rest of Asia
381
359
Asia
2,503
2,219
Africa
282
213
Australasia
229
196
13,520
11,218
Order backlog
Contracted consideration, translated at the estimated long-term exchange rates, that is expected to be recognised as revenue when performance
obligations are satisfied in the future (referred to as order backlog) is as follows:
202
2
202
1
Within
five years
£bn
After
five
years
£bn
Total
£bn
Within
five
years
£bn
After
five
years
£bn
Total
£bn
Civil Aerospace
25.7
22.0
47.7
20.3
20.8
41.1
Defence
7.
8
0.7
8.
5
6.2
0.3
6.5
Power Systems
3.7
0.3
4.0
2.6
0.2
2.8
New Markets
–
–
–
–
–
–
Other businesses
–
–
–
0.2
–
0.2
37.
2
23.0
60.
2
29.3
21.3
50.6
The parties to these contracts have approved the contract and our customers do not have a unilateral enforceable right to terminate the contract
without compensation. The Group excludes Civil Aerospace OE orders (for deliveries beyond the next 7-12 months) that customers have placed
where they retain a right to cancel. The Group’s expectation based on historical experience is that these orders will be fulfilled. Within the 0-5
years category, contracted revenue in Defence will largely be recognised in the next three years and Power Systems will be recognised over the
next two years as it is a short cycle business.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
71
2 Segmental analysis continued
202
2
202
1
Revenue
£m
Profit before
financing
£m
Net
financing
£m
Taxation
£m
Revenue
£m
Profit before
financing
£m
Net
financing
£m
Taxation
£m
Underlying performance
12,691
652
(446)
(48)
10,947
414
(378)
(26)
Impact of foreign exchange differences as a
result of hedging activities on trading
transactions
1
A
829
267
(358)
(
81
)
271
(34)
62
33
Unrealised fair value changes on derivative
contracts held for trading
2
A
–
(3)
(1,768)
4
51
–
(6)
(618)
110
Unrealised net gain on closing future over-
hedged position
3
A
–
–
–
–
–
–
(8)
–
Realised net gain on closing over-hedged
position
3
A
–
–
–
–
–
–
(6)
–
Unrealised fair value change to derivative
contracts held for financing
4
A
–
–
191
(47)
–
–
79
(20)
Exceptional progra
mme
credits/(charges)
5
B
–
69
(3)
–
–
105
–
(1)
Exceptional
restructuring
(charge
s
)/credit
s
6
B
–
(47)
–
4
–
45
–
1
Impairment
(charges)/reversals
7
C
–
(65)
–
–
–
9
–
–
Effect of acquisitions accounting
8
C
–
(58)
–
9
–
(50)
–
12
Pension past
-
service credit
9
B
–
22
–
(2)
–
47
–
(13)
Other
10
D
–
–
(36)
(69)
–
(17)
6
(37)
Gains
arising
on disposals of businesses
11
C
–
81
–
(2)
–
56
–
2
Impact of tax rate change
12
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
327
Re
-
recognition
of deferred
tax assets
13
–
–
–
93
–
–
–
30
Total
underlying adjustments
829
266
(1,974)
356
271
155
(485)
444
Statutory performance per consolidated
income statement
13,520
918
(2,420)
308
11,218
569
(863)
418
A – FX, B – Exceptional, C – M&A and impairment, D – Other
1
The impact of measuring revenues and costs at the average exchange rate during the year and the impact of valuation of assets and liabilities using the year end exchange rate rather than
the achieved rate or the exchange rate that is expected to be achieved by the use of the hedge book increased reported revenues by £829m (2021: increased by £271m) and increased profit
before financing and taxation by £267m (2021: reduced profit by £34m). Underlying financing excludes the impact of revaluing monetary assets and liabilities at the year end exchange rate
2
The underlying results exclude the fair value changes on derivative contracts held for trading. These fair value changes are subsequently recognised in the underlying results when the
contracts are settled
3
In 2020, the Group took action to reduce the size of the USD hedge book by $11.8bn across 2020-2026, resulting in an underlying charge of £1.7bn at 31 December 2020. In 2021, this estimate
was updated to reflect the actual cash cost and resulted in a £15m gain to underlying finance costs
4
Includes the gains on hedge ineffectiveness in the year of £1m (2021: losses of £1m) and net fair value gains of £190m (2021: gains of £80m) on any interest rate swaps not designated into
hedging relationships for accounting purposes
5
During the year to 31 December 2022 and 2021, contract loss provisions previously recognised in respect of the Trent 1000 technical issues which were identified in 2019 have been reversed
due to a reduction in the estimated cost of settling the obligation
6
During the year to 31 December 2022, the Group recorded an exceptional restructuring charge of £47m (2021: credit of £45m) which included £57m (2021: £93m) associated with initiatives to
enable restructuring offset by £10m (2021: £138m) released from the provision
7
The Group has assessed the carrying value of its assets. Further details are provided in notes 8, 9, 10 and 11
8
The effect of acquisition accounting includes the amortisation of intangible assets arising on previous acquisitions
9
The past-service credit of £22m includes a £23m credit as a result of changes in the schemes in Power Systems, a settlement loss of £7m on the Rolls-Royce North America retirement scheme
and a credit of £6m as a result of a constructive obligation recognised for the offering of the Bridging Pension Option (BPO) to other deferred members in the RRUKPF. Further details are
provided in note 21
10
Includes £(14)m (2021: £14m) reclassification of amounts (received)/ paid on interest rate swaps which are not designated as hedge relationship for accounting purposes from interest payable
on an underlying basis to fair value movement
11
Gains arising on the disposals of businesses are set out in note 26
12
The 2021 tax credit relates to the increase in the UK tax rate from 19% to 25%
13
The re-recognition of deferred tax assets relates to foreign exchange derivatives
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
72
2 Segmental analysis continued
Balance sheet analysis
Civil
Aerospace
£m
Defence
£m
Power
Systems
£m
New
Markets
£m
Total
reportable
segments
£m
Year ended 31 December
202
2
Segment assets
17,537
3,430
4,084
135
25,186
Interests in joint ventures and associates
387
4
31
–
422
Segment liabilities
(25,346)
(3,140)
(1,796)
(97)
(30,379)
Net (liabilities)
/
assets
(7,422)
294
2,319
38
(4,771)
Investment in intangible assets, property, plant and equipment,
right
-
of
-
use assets and joint ventures and associates
415
146
177
16
754
Depreciation, amortisation and
impairment
755
128
193
6
1,082
Year ended 31 December 202
1
Segment assets
15,846
2,766
3,531
90
22,233
Interests in joint ventures and associates
378
9
16
–
403
Segment liabilities
(20,734)
(2,629)
(1,495)
(33)
(24,891)
Net (liabilities)/assets
(4,510)
146
2,052
57
(2,255)
Investment in intangible assets, property, plant and equipment,
right
-
of
-
use assets and joint ventures and associates
323
97
187
15
622
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment
660
117
177
4
958
Reconciliation to the balance sheet
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Total reportable segment assets excluding held for sale
25,186
22,233
Other businesses
19
14
Corporate and Inter
-
segment
(2,125)
(1,921)
Interests in joint ventures and
associates
422
403
Assets held for sale
1
–
2,028
Cash and cash equivalents and short
-
term investments
2,618
2,629
Fair value of swaps hedging fixed rate borrowings
194
135
Deferred and income tax assets
2,858
2,339
Post
-
retirement scheme surpluses
613
1,148
Total assets
29,785
29,008
Total reportable segment liabilities excluding held for sale
(30,379)
(24,891)
Other businesses
(34)
(11)
Corporate and Inter
-
segment
2,457
2,138
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale
1
–
(723)
Borrowings and lease liabilities
(5,955)
(7,776)
Fair value of swaps hedging fixed rate borrowings
(108)
(98)
Deferred and income tax liabilities
(390)
(552)
Post
-
retirement scheme deficits
(1,033)
(1,373)
Total liabilities
(35,442)
(33,286)
Net liabilities
(5,657)
(4,278)
1
As at 31 December 2021, assets and liabilities relating to ITP Aero, the investment in Airtanker Holdings and other non-current assets related to the Group’s site rationalisation activities were
classified as held for sale. For further details see note 26
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
73
2 Segmental analysis continued
The carrying amounts of the Group’s non-current assets including investments but excluding financial instruments, deferred tax assets and post-
retirement scheme surpluses/(deficits), by the geographical area in which the assets are located, are as follows:
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
United Kingdom
5,202
5,489
Germany
2,151
2,086
United States
1,465
1,282
Other
735
7
44
9,553
9,601
3 Research and development
202
2
202
1
£m £m
Gross
research and development costs
(1,287)
(1,179)
Contributions and fees
1
359
366
Expenditure in the year
(928)
(813)
Capitalised as intangible assets
131
105
Amortisation and impairment of capitalised costs
2
(94)
(70)
Net cost recognised in the income statement
(891)
(778)
Underlying adjustments relating to effects of acquisition accounting and foreign exchange
5
4
Net underlying cost recognised in the income statement
(886)
(774)
1
Includes government funding
2
See note 8 for analysis of amortisation and impairment. During the year, amortisation of £nil (2021: £5m) was incurred within the disposal group recognised as a discontinued operation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
74
4 Net financing
202
2
202
1
Statutory
£m
Underlying
1
£m
Statutory
£m
Underlying
1
£m
Interest receivable
35
35
7
7
Net fair value
gains on foreign currency contracts
–
–
80
–
Net fair value gains on non
-
hedge accounted interest rate swaps
2
190
–
–
–
Net fair value gains on commodity contracts
106
–
63
–
Financing on post
-
retirement scheme surpluses
24
–
17
–
Net foreign exchange gains
–
–
62
–
Realised net gains on closing over
-
hedged position
3
–
–
–
6
Unrealised net gains on closing over
-
hedged position
3
–
–
–
8
Financing income
355
35
229
21
In
terest payable
(343)
(320)
(252)
(262)
Net fair value losses on foreign currency contracts
(1,875)
–
(681)
–
Foreign exchange differences and changes in forecast payments
relating to financial RRSAs
(7)
–
(7)
–
Financing on post
-
retirement scheme deficits
(26)
–
(20)
–
Net foreign exchange losses
(358)
–
–
–
Cost of undrawn facilities
(61)
(61)
(62)
(62)
Other financing charges
(105)
(100)
(70)
(75)
Financing costs
(2,775)
(481)
(1,092)
(399)
Net financing costs
(2,420)
(446)
(863)
(378)
Analysed as:
Net interest payable
(308)
(285)
(245)
(255)
Net fa
ir value (
losses)/gains
on derivative contracts
(1,579)
–
(538)
14
Net post
-
retirement scheme financing
(2)
–
(3)
–
Net foreign
exchange
(losses)/gains
(358)
–
62
–
Net other financing
(173)
(161)
(139)
(137)
Net financing costs
(2,420)
(446)
(863)
(378)
1
See note 2 for definition of underlying results
2
The consolidated income statement shows the net fair value gain/(loss) on any interest rate swaps not designated into hedging relationships for accounting purposes. Underlying financing
reclassifies the fair value movements on these interest rates swaps to net interest payable
3
In 2020, the Group took action to reduce the size of the USD hedge book by $11.8bn across 2020-2026, resulting in an underlying charge of £1,689m at 31 December 2020. In 2021, this estimate
was updated to reflect the actual cash settlement cost of £1,674m and resulted in a £15m gain to underlying finance costs in the year to 31 December 2021. The cash settlement costs of £1,674m
covers the period 2020-2026, £326m was incurred in the year to 31 December 2022 (2021: £452m, 2020: £186m). The Group estimates that future cash outflows of £389m will be incurred in
2023 and £321m spread over 2024-2026
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
75
5 Taxation
UK
Overseas
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Current tax charge for the year
18
17
159
151
177
168
Adjustments in respect of prior years
(5)
2
(8)
12
(13)
14
Current tax
13
19
151
163
164
182
Defer
red tax
credit
for the year
(427)
(173)
(61)
(59)
(488)
(232)
Adjustments in respect of prior years
4
(15)
12
(26)
16
(41)
Deferred tax credit resulting from an
increase
in
UK
tax rate
s
–
(327)
–
–
–
(327)
Deferred tax
(4
23
)
(515)
(49)
(85)
(472)
(600)
(Credited)/charged
in the
income statement
(4
10
)
(496)
102
78
(308)
(418)
Other tax credits/(charges)
OCI Equity
Items that will not be
reclassified
Items that will be reclassified
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Deferred tax:
Movement in post
-
retirement schemes
89
(79)
–
–
–
–
Cash flow hedge
–
–
12
(2)
–
–
Net investment hedge
–
–
2
(3)
–
–
Share
-
based payments
–
direct to equity
–
–
–
–
1
17
Other
tax
credits/(charges)
89
(79)
14
(5)
1
17
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
76
5 Taxation continued
Tax reconciliation on continuing operations
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Loss
before taxation from continuing operations
(1,502)
(294)
Less share of results of joint ventures and associates (note
11
)
(9)
(22)
Loss
before taxation from continuing operations
excluding joint ventures and associates
(1,511)
(316)
Nominal ta
x
credit
a
t UK corporation tax rate
19%
(2021: 19%)
(287)
(60)
UK tax rate differential
1
(69)
(33)
Overseas rate differences
2
18
26
Exempt gain on disposal of businesses
3
(14)
(15)
R&D credits
(7)
(10)
Other permanent differences
23
13
Benefit to deferred tax from previously unrecognised tax losses and temporary differences
4
(134)
(47)
Tax losses
and other
temporary differences not recognised in deferred tax
5
159
62
Adjustments in respect of prior years
3
(27)
Increase in closing deferred taxes resulting from a change in the UK tax rate
6
–
(327)
(308)
(418)
Underlying items (note
2)
48
26
Non
-
underlying items
(356)
(444)
(308)
(418)
Tax on discontinued operations
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Tax
charge/(
credit
)
on
profit/(
loss
)
before taxation
from discontinued operations
10
(34)
Tax
credit
on disposal
of discontinued operations
(31)
–
(21)
(34)
1
The UK tax rate differential arises on the difference between the deferred tax rate and the UK statutory tax rate
2
Overseas rate differences mainly relate to tax on profits or losses in countries such as the US and Germany which have higher tax rates than the UK
3
The exempt gain mainly relates to the disposal of Airtanker Holdings Ltd. The 2021 exempt gain mainly relates to the disposal of the Civil Nuclear Instrumentation and Control business
4
Benefit to deferred tax from previously unrecognised tax losses and temporary differences mainly relates to foreign exchange derivatives
5
Tax losses and other temporary differences not recognised mainly relate to the UK
6
The 2021 tax credit arising on the change in the UK tax rate represents the impact of re-measurement of the UK deferred tax asset balances from 19% to 25%
Deferred taxation assets and liabilities
202
2
2
0
2
1
£m
£m
At 31 December (as previously reported)
1,798
1,332
Adoption of amendment to IAS 37
(6)
–
At 1
January
1,792
1,332
Amo
unt
credited
to income
statement
495
636
Amount
credited/(charged)
to OCI
91
(82)
Amount
credited/(charged)
to hedging reserves
12
(2)
Amount
credited
to equity
1
17
On
disposal
of businesses
1
28
(4)
Transferred to assets held for sale
2
–
(85)
Exchange differences
26
(14)
At 31 December
2,445
1,798
Deferred tax assets
2,731
2,249
Deferred tax liabilities
(286)
(451)
2,445
1,798
1
The 2022 deferred tax relates to the disposal of ITP Aero. The 2021 deferred tax relates to the disposal of Bergen Engines AS and the Civil Nuclear Instrumentation and Control business
2
The 2021 deferred tax transferred to assets held for sale relates to ITP Aero
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
77
5 Taxation continued
The analysis of the deferred tax position is as follows:
At 31 December
(as previously
reported)
£m
On
adoption of
amendment
to
IAS 37
At 1
January
£m
Recognised
in income
statement
£m
Recognised
in OCI
£m
Recognised
in equity
£m
Disposals
related
activity
£m
Transferred to
held for sale
£m
Exchange
differences
£m
At 31
December
£m
2022
Intangible assets
(464)
–
(464)
29
–
–
–
–
(1)
(436)
Property, plant and
equipment
193
–
193
33
–
–
6
–
(2)
230
Other temporary
differences
1
471
(6)
465
133
(1)
1
44
–
8
650
Net contract liabilities
73
–
73
(9)
–
–
–
–
–
64
Pensions and other
post-retirement scheme
benefits
(140)
–
(140)
(19)
89
–
–
–
13
(57)
Foreign exchange and
commodity financial
assets and liabilities
362
–
362
329
15
–
(22)
–
9
693
Losses
1,085
–
1,085
(12)
–
–
–
–
(1)
1,072
R&D credit
56
–
56
11
–
–
–
–
–
67
Advance corporation tax
162
–
162
–
–
–
–
–
–
162
1,798
(6)
1,792
495
103
1
28
–
26
2,445
Recognised in:
Continuing operations
472
Discontinued operations
23
202
1
Intangible assets
(567)
(102)
–
–
–
188
17
(464)
Property, plant and
equipment
34
145
–
–
–
23
(9)
193
Other temporary
differences
1
343
185
(12)
–
(4)
(49)
8
471
Net contract liabilities
56
17
–
–
–
–
–
73
Pensions and other
post-retirement scheme
benefits
(8)
(47)
(79)
–
–
–
(6)
(140)
Foreign exchange and
commodity financial
assets and liabilities
187
165
7
–
–
1
2
362
Losses
850
254
–
17
–
(33)
(3)
1,085
R&D credit
274
20
–
–
–
(215)
(23)
56
Advance corporation tax
163
(1)
–
–
–
–
–
162
1,332
636
(84)
17
(4)
(85)
(14)
1,798
Recognised in:
Continuing operations
600
Discontinued operations
36
1
Other temporary differences mainly relate to the deferral of relief for interest expenses in the UK and revenue recognised earlier under local GAAP compared to IFRS in Germany
Unrecognised deferred tax assets
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Advance corporation tax
19
19
UK losses
2,040
1,563
Foreign exchange and commodity financial assets and liabilities
218
392
Losses and other
unrecognised deferred tax assets
33
73
Deferred tax not recognised on unused tax losses and other items on the basis that future
economic benefit is uncertain
2,310
2,047
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
78
5 Taxation continued
Gross amount and expiry of losses and other deductible temporary differences for which no deferred tax asset has been recognised.
2022
Total gross
losses and
deductible
temporary
differences
£m
UK losses
£m
Foreign
exchange and
commodity
financial
assets and
liabilities
£m
Other losses
£m
Other
deductible
temporary
differences
£m
Expiry within 5 years
83
–
–
83
–
Expiry within 6 to 30 years
265
–
–
265
–
No expiry
9,057
8,157
871
27
2
9,405
8,157
871
375
2
2021
Total gross
losses and
deductible
temporary
differences
£m
UK losses
£m
Foreign
exchange and
commodity
financial
assets and
liabilities
£m
Other losses
£m
Other
deductible
temporary
differences
£m
Expiry within 5 years
4
–
–
4
–
Expiry within 6 to 30 years
282
–
–
282
–
No
expiry
7,992
6,251
1,567
66
108
8,278
6,251
1,567
352
108
In addition to the gross balances shown above, advance corporation tax of £19m (2021: £19m) has not been recognised. Advance corporation tax
has no expiry.
Of the total deferred tax asset of £2,731m, £2,183m (2021: £1,736m) relates to the UK and is made up as follows:
– £1,054m (2021: £1,054m) relating to tax losses;
– £668m (2021: £339m) arising on unrealised losses on derivative contracts;
– £162m (2021: £162m) of advance corporation tax; and
– £299m (2021: £181m) relating to other deductible temporary differences, in particular tax depreciation and relief for interest expenses.
The UK deferred tax assets primarily arise in Rolls-Royce plc and have been recognised based on the expectation that the business will generate
taxable profits and tax liabilities in the future against which the losses and deductible temporary differences can be utilised.
Most of the UK tax losses relate to the Civil Aerospace large engine business which makes initial losses through the investment period of a
programme and then makes a profit through its contracts for services. The programme lifecycles are typically in excess of 30 years.
Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the assets can
be utilised. A recoverability assessment has been undertaken, taking account of deferred tax liabilities against which the reversal can be offset
and using latest UK forecasts, which are mainly driven by the Civil Aerospace large engine business, to assess the level of future taxable profits.
The recoverability of deferred tax assets has been assessed on the following basis:
– using the most recent UK profit forecasts which are consistent with past experience and external sources on market conditions. These
forecasts cover the next five years;
– the long-term forecast profit profile of certain major large engine programmes which is typically in excess of 30 years from initial investment
to retirement of the fleet, including the aftermarket revenues earned from airline customers;
– taking into account the risk that regulatory changes could materially impact demand for our products and shifting investment focus towards
more sustainable products and solutions;
– consideration that all commercial aero-engines will be compatible with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023;
– a 25% probability of the severe but plausible downside forecast materialising in relation to the civil aviation industry; and
– the long-term forecast profit and cost profile of the other parts of the business.
The assessment takes into account UK tax laws that, in broad terms, restrict the offset of the carried forward tax losses to 50% of current year
profits. In addition, management’s assumptions relating to the amounts and timing of future taxable profits include the impact of macroeconomic
factors and climate change on existing large engine programmes. Based on this assessment, the Group has recognised a total UK deferred tax
asset of £2,183m. This reflects the conclusions that:
– It is probable that the business will generate taxable income and tax liabilities in the future against which these losses can be utilised.
– Based on current forecasts and using various scenarios these losses and other deductible temporary differences will be used in full within
the expected large engine programme lifecycles. An explanation of the potential impact of climate change on forecast profits and sensitivity
analysis can be found in note 1.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
79
5 Taxation continued
The Group has not recognised a deferred tax asset in respect of 2022 UK tax losses. This includes the impact of the IAS 37 amendment.
The other significant deferred tax asset arises in Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG, where the main activity is business aviation. The total net
deferred tax asset is £284m (2021: £254m), which has been recognised in full. The deferred tax asset relates to revenue being recognised and
taxed earlier under local tax rules resulting in a benefit when revenue is recognised in the accounts.
Any future changes in tax law or the structure of the Group could have a significant effect on the use of losses and other deductible temporary
differences, including the period over which they can be used. In view of this and the significant judgement involved the Board continuously
reassesses this area.
The temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, for which a deferred tax liability has not
been recognised, aggregate to £1,062m (2021: £957m). No deferred tax liability has been recognised on the potential withholding tax due on the
remittance of undistributed profits as the Group is able to control the timing of such remittances and it is probable that consent will not be given
in the foreseeable future.
The Group is reviewing the impact of the OECD Pillar Two (global minimum tax) rules and the associated UK draft legislation, which was released
on 20 July 2022. These rules will apply to the Group from 2024.
6 Auditors’ remuneration
202
2
202
1
£m
£m
Fees payable to the Company’s auditors and its associates for the audit of the Parent company and
consolidated financial statements
6.4
5.8
Fees payable to the Company’s auditor and its associates for the audit of the Company’s subsidiaries
pursuant to legislation
5.5
5.7
Total fees payable for audit services
11.9
11.5
Fees payable to the Company’s auditor and its associates for other services:
Audit related assurance services
1
1.3
1.7
Other assurance services
2
0.2
0.2
Total fees payable to the Company’s auditor and its associates
3
13.4
13.4
Fees payable in respect of the Group’s pension schemes:
Audit
0.1
0.1
1
This includes £0.7m (2021: £0.7m) for the review of the half-year report, £0.6m (2021: £0.8m) in respect of the audit of grant claims and £nil (2021: £0.2m) for a non-statutory audit of Bergen Engines
2
This includes £0.1m in respect of agreed upon procedures in respect of levies payable to BEIS (Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) (2021: £0.1m) and £0.1m in respect of
sustainability assurance work (2021: £nil)
3
Audit fees for overseas entities are reported at the average exchange rate for the year
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
80
7 Employee information
2022
2021
Number
Number
United Kingdom
19,900
19,700
Germany
9,700
9,500
United
States
5,000
5,000
Spain
1,800
2,700
Italy
900
900
Singapore
700
900
Canada
700
700
India
500
600
France
100
600
Nordics
–
700
Rest of world
2,500
2,700
Monthly average number of employees
41,800
44,000
Civil
Aerospace
17,700
17,900
Defence
11,000
11,100
Power Systems
9,400
9,100
New Markets
800
400
Other businesses
1
–
1,400
Corporate
2
100
100
Monthly average number of employees excluding discontinued operations
39,000
40,000
ITP Aero (classified as discontinued operation)
3
2,800
4,000
Monthly average number of employees
41,800
44,000
2022
2021
Continuing
operations
Discontinued
operations
Total
Continuing
operations
Discontinued
operations
Total
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Wages, salaries and benefits
2,629
117
2,746
2,392
154
2,546
Social security costs
378
27
405
343
36
379
Share
-
based payments (not
e
23
)
47
–
47
28
–
28
Pensions and other post
-
retirement scheme benefits (note
21
)
268
2
270
2
5
0
3
253
Group employment costs
4
3,322
146
3,468
3,013
193
3,206
1
Other businesses are set out in note 2 on page 66
2
Corporate consists of employees who do not provide a shared service to the segments. Where corporate functions provide such a service, employees have been allocated to the segments on
an appropriate basis
3
ITP Aero was disposed of on 15 September 2022. The monthly average number of employees over the nine months to disposal was 4,200
4
Remuneration of key management personnel is shown in note 25
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
81
8 Intangible assets
Goodwill
£m
Certification
costs
£m
Development
expenditure
£m
Customer
relationships
£m
Software
1
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
Cost
:
At 1 January 2021
1,112
963
3,564
1,403
968
893
8,903
Additions
–
1
104
–
83
35
223
Transferred to assets held for sale
2
–
(6)
(179)
(868)
(15)
(59)
(1,127)
Disposals
(4)
(22)
–
–
(51)
(2)
(79)
Reclassifications
3
–
–
–
–
(2)
8
6
Exchange differences
(48)
(3)
(96)
(60)
(5)
(42)
(254)
At 31
December 2021
1,060
933
3,393
475
978
833
7,672
Additions
–
–
131
–
78
21
230
Disposals
–
–
–
–
(90)
(1)
(91)
Exchange differences
75
2
80
37
12
33
239
At 31 December
2022
1,135
935
3,604
512
978
886
8,050
Accumulated amortisation and impairment
:
At 1 January 2021
38
429
1,803
478
607
403
3,758
Charge for the year
4
–
21
75
59
97
29
281
Impairment
–
–
–
–
1
8
9
Transferred to assets held for sale
2
–
(4)
(51)
(176)
(10)
–
(241)
Disposals
(4)
(21)
–
–
(48)
(1)
(74)
Reclassifications
3
–
–
(1)
–
6
1
6
Exchange differences
–
–
(66)
(19)
(3)
(20)
(108)
At 31 December 2021
34
425
1,760
342
650
420
3,631
Charge for the year
4
–
21
77
35
86
33
252
Impairment
–
–
17
–
13
5
35
Disposals
–
–
–
–
(82)
(1)
(83)
Exchange differences
2
1
58
29
8
19
117
At 31 December
2022
36
447
1,912
406
675
476
3,952
Net book value
at:
At 31 December
2022
1,099
488
1,692
106
303
410
4,098
At 31
December 2021
1,026
508
1,633
133
328
413
4,041
1
Includes £93m (2021: £115m) of software under course of construction which is not amortised
2
ITP Aero was classified as a disposal group held for sale at 30 June 2021
3
Includes reclassifications within intangible assets or from property, plant and equipment when available for use
4
Charged to cost of sales and commercial and administrative costs except development costs, which are charged to research and development costs
At 31 December 2022, the Group had expenditure commitments for software of £37m (2021: £49m).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
82
8 Intangible assets continued
Goodwill
In accordance with the requirements of IAS 36, goodwill is allocated to the Group’s CGUs, or groups of CGUs, that are expected to benefit from
the synergies of the business combination that gave rise to the goodwill as follows:
Cash-generating unit (CGU) or group of CGUs
Primary
operating
segment
2022
£m
2021
£m
Rolls
-
Royce Power Systems AG
Power Systems
818
760
Rolls
-
Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG
Civil Aerospace
241
229
Other
Various
40
37
1,099
1,026
Goodwill has been tested for impairment during 2022 on the following basis:
– The carrying values of goodwill have been assessed by reference to the recoverable amount, being the higher of value in use or fair value
less costs of disposal (FVLCOD).
– The recoverable amount has been estimated using cash flows from the most recent forecasts prepared by the Directors, which are consistent
with past experience and external sources of information on market conditions. These forecasts generally cover the next five years. Growth
rates for the period not covered by the forecasts are based on growth rates of 1% to 2% which reflects the products, industries and countries
in which the relevant CGU or group of CGUs operate. Inflation has been included based on contractual commitments where relevant. Where
general inflation assumptions have been required, these have been estimated based on externally sourced data. General inflation assumptions
of 3% to 4% have been included in the forecasts, depending on the nature and geography of the flows.
– The key forecast assumptions for the impairment tests are the discount rate and the cash flow projections, in particular the programme
assumptions (such as sales volumes and product costs), the impact of foreign exchange rates on the relationship between selling prices and
costs, and growth rates. Impairment tests are performed using prevailing exchange rates.
– The Group believe there are significant business growth opportunities to come from Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in the transition to net
zero, whilst at the same time climate change poses potentially significant risks. The assumptions used by the Directors are based on past
experience and external sources of information. The main climate-related areas that have been considered are the risk that regulatory changes
could materially impact demand for its products (and hence the utilisation of the products whilst in service and their useful lives) and shifting
investment focus towards more sustainable products and solutions. Based on the climate scenarios prepared, the forecasts do not assume a
significant deterioration of demand for Civil Aerospace (including Rolls-Royce Deutschland) programmes given that all commercial aero-engines
will be compatible with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023. Similarly, the most popular reciprocating engines in Power Systems will be compatible
with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023. The investment required to ensure our new products will be compatible with net zero operation by
2030, and to achieve net zero scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions is reflected in the forecasts used.
A 1.5°C scenario has been prepared using key data points from external sources including Oxford Economics, Global Climate Service and Databank
and the International Energy Agency. This scenario has been used as the basis of a sensitivity. It is assumed that governments adopt stricter
product and behavioural standards and measures that result in higher carbon pricing. Under these conditions it is assumed that markets are
willing to pay for low carbon solutions and that there is an economic return form strategic investments in low carbon alternatives. The sensitivity
has considered the likelihood of demand changes for our products based on their relative fuel efficiency in the marketplace and the probability
of alternatives being introduced earlier than currently expected. The sensitivity also reflects the impact of a broad range of potential costs
imposed by policy or regulatory interventions (through carbon pricing). This sensitivity does not indicate the need for an impairment charge.
The principal assumptions for goodwill balances considered to be individually significant are:
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG
– Recoverable amount represents fair value less costs of disposal (FVLCOD) to reflect the future strategy of the business. Whilst there are no
indicators of impairment under the value in use method presented in 2021, the Directors consider that disclosing information prepared on a
FVLCOD basis is a more useful representation of the recoverable amount when considering the future strategy of the business, including the
impact of climate-related risks and opportunities. Due to the unavailability of observable market inputs or inputs based on market evidence, the
fair value is estimated by discounting future cash flows (Level 3 as defined by IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement) modified for market participants
views;
– Trading assumptions (e.g. volume of equipment deliveries, pricing achieved and cost escalation) that are based on current and known future
programmes, estimates of market share and long-term economic forecasts;
– Severe but plausible downside scenario in relation to macro-economic factors included with a 20% weighting;
– Cash flows beyond the five-year forecasts that are assumed to grow at 1.0% (2021: 2.0%); and
– Nominal post-tax discount rate of 10.0% (2021: 8.2%).
The Directors do not consider that any reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions (including taking consideration of the climate-related
risks above) would cause the would cause the FVLCOD of the business to fall below its carrying value of goodwill.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
83
8 Intangible assets continued
Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG
– Recoverable amount represents the value in use of the assets in their current condition;
– Trading assumptions (e.g. volume of engine deliveries, flying hours of installed fleet, including assumptions on the recovery of the aerospace industry,
and cost escalation) that are based on current and known future programmes, estimates of market share and long-term economic forecasts;
– Severe but plausible downside scenario in relation to macro-economic factors included with a 25% weighting;
– Cash flows beyond the five-year forecasts are assumed to grow at 2.0% (2021: 2.0%); and
– Nominal pre-tax discount rate 13.2% (2021: 11.9%).
The Directors do not consider that any reasonably possible changes in the key assumptions (including taking consideration of the climate-related
risks above) would cause the value in use of the goodwill to fall below its carrying value.
Other CGUs
Goodwill balances across the Group that are not considered to be individually significant were also tested for impairment, resulting in no
impairment charge (2021: no impairment charge) being recognised at 31 December 2022.
The carrying amounts and the residual life of the material intangible assets (excluding goodwill) for the Group are as follows:
Residual life
1
Net book value
2022
2021
£m
£m
Trent programme intangible assets
2
3
-
15 years
1,826
1,787
Business aviation programme intangible assets
3
12
-
15 years
250
237
Intangible assets related to Power Systems
4
466
491
2,542
2,515
1
Residual life reflects the remaining amortisation period of those assets where amortisation has commenced. As per page 61, the amortisation period of 15 years will commence on those assets
which are not being amortised as the units are delivered
2
Included within the Trent programmes are the Trent 1000, Trent 7000 and Trent XWB
3
Included within business aviation are the Pearl 700 and Pearl 15
4
Includes £114m (2021: £108m) in respect of a brand intangible asset which is not amortised. Remaining assets are amortised over a range of three to 20 years
The carrying amount of goodwill or intangible assets allocated across multiple CGUs is not significant in comparison with the Group’s total
carrying amount of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.
Other intangible assets (including programme intangible assets) have been reviewed for impairment in accordance with IAS 36. Assessments have
considered potential triggers of impairment such as external factors including climate change, significant changes with an adverse effect on a
programme and by analysing latest management forecasts against those prepared in 2021 to identify any deterioration in performance.
Where a trigger event has been identified, an impairment test has been carried out. Where an impairment was required the test was performed
on the following basis:
– The carrying values have been assessed by reference to value in use. These have been estimated using cash flows from the most recent
forecasts prepared by the Directors, which are consistent with past experience and external sources of information on market conditions over
the lives of the respective programmes; and
– The key assumptions underlying cash flow projections are based on estimates of product performance related estimates, future market share
and pricing and cost for uncontracted business. Climate-related risks are considered when making these estimates consistent with the
assumptions above.
There have been no (2021: none) individually material impairment charges or reversals recognised during the year.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
84
9 Property, plant and equipment
Land and
buildings
£m
Plant and
equipment
£m
Aircraft and
engines
£m
In course of
construction
£m
Total
£m
Cost
:
At 1 January
2021
1,994
5,442
1,025
451
8,912
Additions
19
120
6
154
299
Transferred to assets held for sale
1
(200)
(305)
(22)
(8)
(535)
Disposals/write
-
offs
(59)
(264)
(11)
(23)
(357)
Reclassifications
2
144
75
53
(271)
1
Exchange differences
(33)
(82)
(5)
(3)
(123)
At 31 December 2021
1,865
4,986
1,046
300
8,197
Additions
34
127
26
162
349
Disposals/write
-
offs
(38)
(142)
(81)
(1)
(262)
Reclassifications
2
3
82
(3)
(82)
–
Exchange differences
72
172
11
21
276
At 31 December
2022
1,936
5,225
999
400
8,560
Accumulated
depreciation
and impairment:
At 1 January
2021
679
3,336
374
8
4,397
Charge for the year
3
70
312
57
–
439
Impairment
1
18
–
–
19
Transferred to assets held for sale
1
(74)
(127)
(5)
–
(206)
Disposals/write
-
offs
(48)
(254)
(1)
–
(303)
Reclassifications
2
(7)
11
(10)
–
(6)
Exchange differences
(7)
(52)
(1)
–
(60)
At 31 December 2021
614
3,244
414
8
4,280
Charge for the year
3
79
296
55
–
430
Impairment
4
5
(5)
–
–
–
Disposals/write
-
offs
(24)
(142)
(57)
–
(223)
Reclassifications
2
(2)
5
(3)
–
–
Exchange differences
23
109
4
1
137
At 31 December
2022
695
3,507
413
9
4,624
Net book value
at:
At 31 December
2022
1,241
1,718
586
391
3,936
At 31 December 2021
1,251
1,742
632
292
3,917
1
ITP Aero and certain property, plant and equipment related to the Group's site rationalisation activities were classified as a disposal group or assets held for sale during the year to 31 December 2021
2
Includes reclassifications of assets under construction to the relevant classification in property, plant and equipment right-of-use assets or intangible assets when available for use
3
Depreciation is charged to cost of sales and commercial and administrative costs or included in the cost of inventory as appropriate
4
The carrying values of property, plant and equipment have been assessed during the year in line with IAS 36. Material items of plant and equipment and aircraft and engines are assessed for
impairment together with other assets used in individual programmes – see assumptions in note 8. Land and buildings are generally used across multiple programmes and are considered
based on future expectations of the use of the site, which includes any implications from climate-related risks as explained in note 8. As a result of this assessment, there are no individually
material impairment charges or reversals in the year. The reversal in the year relates to an element of the non-underlying impairments recorded in 2020 in Civil Aerospace for site rationalisation
where there has been a subsequent change in strategy to continue production on those sites
Property, plant and equipment includes:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Assets held for use in leases where the
Group is the lessor:
Cost
779
808
Depreciation
(343)
(311)
Net book value
436
497
Capital expenditure commitments
221
121
Cost of fully depreciated assets
2,184
2,001
The Group’s share of equity accounted entities’ capital commitments is £34m (2021: £22m).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
85
10 Right-of-use assets
Land and
buildings
£m
Plant and
equipment
£m
Aircraft
and
engines
£m
Total
£m
Cost
:
At 1 January 202
1
447
150
1,833
2,430
Additions/modifications of leases
37
15
30
82
Transferred to assets held for sale
1
(16)
(2)
–
(18)
Disposals
(8)
(16)
(66)
(90)
Reclassifications
to PPE
–
–
(8)
(8)
Exchange differences
(4)
(4)
(4)
(12)
At 31 December 202
1
456
143
1,785
2,384
Additions/modifications of leases
52
34
59
145
Disposals
(30)
(19)
(22)
(71)
Exchange differences
28
4
5
37
At 31 December
2022
506
162
1,827
2,495
Accumulated depreciation
and impairment
:
At 1
January 202
1
159
60
806
1,025
Charge for the year
43
30
199
272
Impairment
2
(2)
(6)
(7)
(15)
Transferred to assets held for sale
1
(4)
(1)
–
(5)
Disposals
(8)
(16)
(66)
(90)
Reclassifications
to PPE
–
–
(1)
(1)
Exchange differences
(2)
(1)
(2)
(5)
At 31 December 202
1
186
66
929
1,181
Charge for the year
43
37
190
270
Impairment
2
(2)
(1)
20
17
Disposals
(13)
(19)
(22)
(54)
Exchange differences
16
1
3
20
At 31 December
2022
230
84
1,120
1,434
Net
book value
at:
At 31 December
2022
276
78
707
1,061
At
31 December
2021
270
77
856
1,203
Right
-
of
-
use assets held for use in operating leases where the Group is the lessor
Cost
6
–
1,827
1,833
Depreciation
(3)
–
(1,120)
(1,123)
Net book value at 31 December 2022
3
–
707
710
Cost
2
1
1,785
1,788
Depreciation
(1)
(1)
(929)
(931)
Net book value at 31 December 202
1
1
–
856
857
1
ITP Aero was classified as a disposal group held for sale at 30 June 2021
2
The carrying values of right-of-use assets have been assessed during the year in line with IAS 36. Material items of plant and equipment and aircraft and engines are assessed for impairment
together with other assets used in individual programmes – see assumptions in note 8. Land and buildings are generally used across multiple programmes and are considered based on future
expectations of the use of the site (which includes any implications from climate-related risks as explained in note 8). During the year, a reversal was recognised relating to an element of the
non-underlying impairments recorded in 2020 in Civil Aerospace for site rationalisation where there has been a subsequent change in strategy to continue production on those sites. In
addition, a charge of £20m was recognised due to the current sanctions applicable over assets in Russia. At the balance sheet date the Group could not access the assets that were on lease
and it is not known when this situation would be resolved to enable the Group to generate a recoverable amount
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
86
11 Investments
Composition of the Group
The entities contributing to the Group’s financial results are listed on pages 140 to 145.
Where the Group does not own 100% of the shares of a group undertaking, there are a number of arrangements with the other shareholder(s)
that give the Group the option or potential obligation to acquire the third parties’ shares. These arrangements have been assessed and are not
considered to have a significant value, individually or in aggregate.
The Group does not have any material non-wholly owned subsidiaries.
Equity accounted and other investments
Equity accounted
Other
1
Joint
ventures
£m
Associates
£m
Total
£m
£m
At 1 January 2021
393
1
394
19
Additions
2
1
3
27
Disposals
–
–
–
(1)
Impairment
(2)
–
(2)
(5)
Share of retained profit/(loss)
2
19
(1)
18
–
Reclassification of deferred profit to deferred income
3
(24)
–
(24)
–
Transferred to assets held for sale
4
(35)
–
(35)
–
Repayment of loans
(3)
–
(3)
–
Revaluation of other investments accounted for at FVOCI
–
–
–
(2)
Exchange
differences
8
–
8
(2)
Share of OCI
5
45
–
45
–
At 1 January
2022
403
1
404
36
Additions
6
29
–
29
7
Disposals
–
(1)
(1)
(2)
Impairment
7
(74)
–
(74)
(1)
Share of retained
loss
2
(25)
–
(25)
–
Reclassification of deferred profit to deferred income
3
(4)
–
(4)
–
Repayment of loans
(5)
–
(5)
–
Revaluation of other investments accounted for at FVOCI
–
–
–
(4)
Exchange differences
96
–
96
–
Share of OCI
2
–
2
–
At 31
December
2022
422
–
422
36
1
Other investments includes unlisted investments of £26m (2021: £29m) and listed investments of £10m (2021: £7m)
2
See table below
3
The Group's share of unrealised profit on sales to joint ventures is eliminated against the carrying value of the investment in the entity. Any excess amount, once the carrying value is reduced
to £nil, is recorded as deferred income
4
The Group’s investment in Airtanker Holdings Limited has been classified as a non-current asset held for sale since 13 September 2021. Further detail can be found in note 26
5
Up to 13 September 2021 when Airtanker Holdings Limited was transferred to held for sale, the Group recognised share of OCI relating to cash flow hedges of £43m
6
During the year, additions to investments of £29m include the following significant transactions: On 20 June 2022, the Group acquired a 54% investment in Hoeller Electrolyzer. Although the
Group has acquired a 54% stake, the Group has considered whether the majority stake constitutes a subsidiary as per the basis of consolidation on page 107. Based on key decisions requiring
consent from both shareholders, the Group has concluded that Hoeller Electrolyser is jointly controlled and is equity accounted in the Consolidated Financial Statements. On 1 September
2022, Rolls-Royce and Air China established a joint venture called Beijing Aero Engine Services Company Limited
7
During the year, one of the Group’s investments in its Civil Aerospace joint venture repair and overhaul facilities has been impaired by £74m. This reflects the Directors’ updated judgement of
the recoverable amount from that investment when measured on a value in use basis by discounting expected future dividends at 12.4% (cost of equity for the Civil Aerospace business). The
charge in the year reflects a higher discount rate and revised assumptions taking into account the impact of inflation and interest rates on that business, reflecting current market conditions
Reconciliation of share of retained (loss)/profit to the income statement and cash flow statement:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Share of results of joint ventures and associates
9
22
Adjustments for intercompany trading
1
39
23
Share of results of joint ventures and associates to the Group
48
45
Dividends paid by joint ventures and associates to the Group (cash
flow statement)
(73)
(27)
Share of retained
(loss)/
profit attributable to continuing operations
(above)
(25)
18
1
During the year, the Group sold spare engines to Rolls-Royce & Partners Finance, a joint venture and subsidiary of Alpha Partners Leasing Limited. The Group’s share of the profit on these
sales is deferred and released to match the depreciation of the engines in the joint venture’s financial statements. In 2022 and 2021, profit deferred on the sale of engines was lower than the
release of that deferred in prior years
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
87
11 Investments continued
The following joint ventures are considered to be individually material to the Group:
Principal location
Activity
Ownership interest
Alpha Partners Leasing Limited (APL)
UK
Aero
-
engine leasing
50.0%
Hong Kong Aero Engine Services Limited (HAESL)
Hong Kong
Aero
-
engine repair and overhaul
50.0%
Singapore Aero Engine Services Pte Limited (SAESL)
Singapore
Aero
-
engine repair and overhaul
50.0%
Summarised financial information of the Group’s individually material joint ventures is as follows:
APL
HAESL
SAESL
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Revenue
310
278
2,388
1,605
2,012
1,057
Profit/(loss) and total comprehensive
income/(expense)
for the year
55
(16)
72
51
31
20
Dividends paid during the year
(22)
–
(
6
6)
(46)
–
–
Profit/(loss) for the year included the
following:
Depreciation and amortisation
(190)
(165)
(13)
(14)
(21)
(20)
Interest income
–
–
–
–
1
–
Interest expense
(89)
(65)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
Income tax expense
(13)
(77)
(14)
(10)
(2)
–
Current assets
375
314
886
533
865
676
Non
-
current assets
3,199
2,978
98
90
154
151
Current liabilities
(480)
(287)
(716)
(343)
(687)
(554)
Non
-
current liabilities
(2,389)
(2,401)
(26)
(73)
(60)
(65)
Net assets
705
604
242
207
272
208
Included in the
above:
Cash and cash equivalents
239
239
6
30
61
105
Current financial liabilities
1
(411)
(217)
(135)
–
–
–
Non
-
current financial liabilities
1
(2,003)
(2,048)
(17)
(67)
(60)
(65)
Reconciliation to the carrying amount
recognised in the Consolidated Financial Statements
Ownership interest
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
Group share of net assets above
353
302
121
104
136
104
Goodwill
–
–
38
34
11
78
Adjustments for intercompany trading
(353)
(302)
(2)
(1)
–
–
Included in the balance sheet
–
–
157
137
147
182
1
Excluding trade payables and other liabilities
The summarised aggregated results of the Group’s share of equity accounted investments is as follows:
Individually
material joint
ventures (above)
Other joint
ventures
1
Associates
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Assets:
Non
-
current assets
1,726
1,610
199
205
–
–
1,925
1,815
Current assets
1,063
762
327
316
–
1
1,390
1,079
Liabilities:
2
Current liabilities
(942)
(592)
(245)
(232)
–
–
(1,187)
(824)
Non
-
current liabilities
(1,237)
(1,270)
(58)
(84)
–
–
(1,295)
(1,354)
Group adjustment for goodwill
49
112
–
–
–
–
49
112
Adjustment for intercompany trading
(355)
(303)
(105)
(121)
–
–
(460)
(424)
Included in the balance sheet
304
319
118
84
–
1
422
404
2
Liabilities include borrowings of:
(1,313)
(1,198)
(84)
(534)
–
–
(1,397)
(1,732)
1
The aggregate value of the Group's share of profit/(loss) and total comprehensive (expense)/income of individually immaterial joint ventures is £(68)m (2021: £39m)
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
88
12 Inventories
2022
£m
2021
£m
Raw materials
479
376
Work in progress
1,633
1,135
Finished goods
2,593
2,146
Payments on
account
3
9
4,708
3,666
Inventories stated at net realisable value
209
215
Amount of inventory write
-
down
85
92
Reversal of inventory write
-
down
27
26
13 Trade receivables and other assets
Current Non-current Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Trade receivables
1, 2
2,376
2,140
43
52
2,419
2,192
Prepayments
886
572
893
378
1,
779
950
Receivables due on RRSAs
2
928
702
255
67
1,183
769
Amounts owed by joint ventures and
associates
632
598
16
1
648
599
Amounts
due from
parent undertakings
335
335
–
–
335
335
Other taxation and social security receivable
147
197
9
8
156
205
Costs to obtain contracts with customers
3
12
13
67
41
79
54
Other receivables
4
617
593
55
20
672
613
5,
933
5,150
1,338
567
7,
271
5,717
Trade receivables and other assets are analysed as follows:
Financial
instruments (
note
19
):
Trade receivable and similar items
4,482
3,801
Other non
-
derivative financial assets
775
704
Non
-
financial instruments
2
,
014
1,212
7,
271
5,717
1
Non-current trade receivables relate to amounts not expected to be received in the next 12 months from customers on payment plans
2
Includes receivables due from ITP Aero that were previously eliminated on consolidation
3
These are amortised over the term of the related contract in line with engine deliveries, resulting in amortisation of £11m (2021: £9m) in the year. There were no impairment losses
4
Other receivables includes unbilled recoveries relating to completed overhaul activity where the right to consideration is unconditional
Amounts due from group undertakings are unsecured, interest-free, have no fixed date of repayment and are repayable on demand.
The Group has adopted the simplified approach to provide for ECLs, measuring the loss allowance at a probability weighted amount incorporated
by using credit ratings which are publicly available, or through internal risk assessments derived using the customer’s latest available financial
information.
The ECLs for trade receivables and other assets has increased by £87m to £346m (31 December 2021: increased by £7m to £259m). This movement
is mainly driven by the Civil Aerospace business of £90m, of which £83m relates to specific customers and £7m relates to updates to the
recoverability of other receivables.
The assumptions and inputs used for the estimation of the ECLs are shown in the table below:
2022
2021
1
Trade
receivables
and other
financial
assets
£m
Loss
allowance
£m
Average
ECL rate
%
Trade
receivables
and other
financial
assets
£m
Loss
allowance
£m
Average
ECL rate
%
Investment grade
2
1,972
(177)
9%
1,630
(68)
4%
Non
-
investment grade
124
(16)
13%
48
(2)
4%
Without credit rating
3,507
(153)
4%
3,086
(189)
6%
5,603
(346)
6%
4,764
(259)
5%
1
During the year, the presentation of ECLs has been analysed in greater detail. This has resulted in comparative balances being represented in more appropriate line items. Trade receivables
and other financial assets that are classified as investment grade has increased by £204m, with is a decrease of £99m and £105m to those classified as non-investment grade and without
credit rating respectively. The loss allowance against assets classified as investment grade has increased by £41m with the respective decrease in the loss allowance for those without a credit
rating. The total amount of trade receivables and other financial assets and loss allowance as at 31 December 2021 has remained unchanged
2
Counterparties with a credit rating of ‘C’ or above are classified as investment grade
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
89
13 Trade receivables and other assets continued
The movements of the Group’s ECLs provision are as follows:
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
(259)
(252)
Increases in loss allowance recognised in the income statement during the year
(118)
(124)
Loss allowance utilised
22
46
Releases of loss allowance previously provided
45
46
Transferred to assets held for sale
–
2
Exchange differences
(36)
23
At 31 December
(346)
(259)
14 Contract assets and liabilities
Current Non-current
1
Total
2
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Contract assets
Contract assets with customers
621
586
617
641
1,
238
1,227
Participation fee contract assets
28
27
215
219
243
246
649
613
832
860
1,
481
1,473
1
Contract assets and contract liabilities have been presented on the face of the balance sheet in line with the operating cycle of the business. Contract liabilities are further split according to
when the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied and therefore, when revenue is estimated to be recognised in the income statement. Further disclosure of contract assets
is provided in the table above, which shows within current the element of consideration that will become unconditional in the next year
2
Contract assets are classified as non-financial instruments
The balance includes £885m (2021: £915m) of Civil Aerospace LTSA assets, with most of the remaining balance relating to Defence. The decrease
in the Civil Aerospace balance is due to collection of higher cash receipts than revenue recognised in relation to completion of performance
obligations on those contracts with a contract asset balance. Revenue recognised relating to performance obligations satisfied in previous years
was £26m in Civil Aerospace. No impairment losses in relation to these contract assets (2021: none) have arisen during the year.
Participation fee contract assets have reduced by £3m (2021: £188m) due to amortisation exceeding additions by £7m, offset by foreign exchange
on consolidation of £4m.
The absolute value of ECLs for contract assets has increased by £6m to £21m (2021: £15m).
Current
Non
-
current
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Contract liabilities
4,8
25
3,599
7,33
7
6,710
12,
1
62
10,309
Contract
liabilities
are analysed as follows:
Financial instruments (not
e
19
)
4
20
264
Non
-
financial instruments
11,
742
10
,0
45
12,1
6
2
10,309
During the year £3,321m (2021: £2,713m) of the opening contract liability was recognised as revenue.
Contract liabilities have increased by £1,853m. The movement in the Group balance is as a result of increases in Civil Aerospace of £1,395m and
Defence of £324m. The main reason for the Civil Aerospace increase is a growth in LTSA liabilities of £1,128m to £8,257m (2021: £7,129m) driven by
growth in customer payments as engine flying hours continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and price escalation. There have also been
additional buy-in fees received in relation to new contracts. This has been partly offset by revenue being recognised in relation to performance
obligations satisfied in previous years of £334m as contract performance improves, which decreases the contract liability. An increase in Defence
is from the receipt of deposits in advance of performance obligations being completed.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
90
15 Cash and cash equivalents
2022
£m
2021
£m
Cash at bank and in
hand
847
795
Money
-
market funds
34
49
Short
-
term deposits
1,726
1,777
Cash and cash equivalents per the balance sheet
2,607
2,621
Cash and cash equivalents
included within assets held for
sale (not
e
26
)
–
25
Overdrafts (
not
e
16
)
(2)
(7)
Cash
and cash equivalents per cash flow statement (pag
e
48
)
2,605
2,639
Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 2022 includes £235m (2021: £89m) that is not available for general use by the Group. This balance
includes £40m which is held in an account that is exclusively for the general use of Rolls-Royce Submarines Limited and £138m which is held
exclusively for the use of Rolls-Royce Saudi Arabia Limited. This cash is not available for use by other entities within the Group. The remaining
balance relates to cash held in non-wholly owned subsidiaries and joint arrangements.
Balances are presented on a net basis when the Group has both a legal right of offset and the intention to either settle on a net basis or realise
the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
16 Borrowings and lease liabilities
Current
Non
–
current
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Unsecured
Overdrafts 2
7
–
–
2
7
Bank
loans
1
1
2
–
1,975
1
1,977
0.875% Notes 2024 €550m
2
–
–
472
471
472
471
3.625% Notes 2025 $1,000m
2
–
–
801
781
801
781
3.375% Notes 2026 £375m
3
–
–
351
394
351
394
4.625% Notes 2026
€750m
4
–
–
661
624
661
624
5.75% Notes 2027 $1,000m
4
–
–
825
735
825
735
5.75% Notes 2027 £545m
–
–
541
540
541
540
1.625% Notes 2028 €550m
2
–
–
444
493
444
493
Other loans
–
–
10
10
10
10
Total unsecured 3
9
4,105
6,023
4,108
6,032
Lease liability
–
Land and buildings
46
46
400
365
446
411
Lease liability – Aircraft and engines 278
198
1,047
1,053
1,325
1,251
Lease liability
–
Plant and equipment
31
26
45
56
76
82
Total lease liabilities 355
270
1,492
1,474
1,847
1,744
Total borrowings and lease liabilities 358
279
5,597
7,497
5,955
7,776
All outstanding items described as notes above are listed on the London Stock Exchange
1
On 16 September 2022, the Group repaid the £2,000m loan maturing in 2025 (supported by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance)
2
These notes are the subject of cross-currency interest rate swap agreements under which the Group has undertaken to pay ﬂoating rates of GBP interest, which form a fair value hedge. They
are also subject to interest rate swap agreements under which the Group has undertaken to pay fixed rates of interest, which are classified as fair value through profit and loss
3
These notes are the subject of interest rate swap agreements under which the Group has undertaken to pay ﬂoating rates of interest, which form a fair value hedge. They are also subject to
interest rate swap agreements under which the Group has undertaken to pay fixed rates of interest, which are classified as fair value through profit and loss
4
These notes are the subject of cross-currency interest rate swap agreements under which the Group has undertaken to pay fixed rates of GBP interest, which form a cash flow hedge
During the year ended 31 December 2022, the Group entered into a new £1,000m sustainability-linked facility, maturing in 2027 (supported by an
80% guarantee from UK Export Finance. The facility was undrawn at 31 December 2022.
At 31 December 2022, the Group had total undrawn facilities of £5,500m (2021: £4,500m).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
91
17 Leases
Leases as lessee
The net book value of lease right-of-use assets at 31 December 2022 was £1,061m (2021: £1,203m), with a lease liability of £1,847m (2021: £1,744m), per notes
10 and 16 respectively. Leases that have not yet commenced to which the Group is committed have a future liability of £39m and consist of mainly
plant and equipment, and properties. The consolidated income statement shows the following amounts relating to leases:
2022
2021
£m £m
Land and buildings depreciation and impairment
1
(41)
(41)
Plant and equipment depreciation
and impairment
2
(36)
(24)
Aircraft and engine
s
depreciation
and impairment
3
(210)
(192)
Total depreciation and impairment charge for
right
-
of
-
use assets
(287)
(257)
Adjustment of amounts payable under residual value guarantees within lease liabilities
3, 4
3
4
Expense relating to short
-
term leases of 12 months or less recognised as an expense on a straight
-
line basis
2
(28)
(16)
Expense relating to variable lease payments not included in lease liabilities
3, 5
(2)
(2)
Total operating costs
(314)
(271)
Interest expense
6
(68)
(63)
Total lease expense
(382)
(334)
Income from sub
-
leasing right
-
of
-
use assets
32
35
Total
amount recognised in income statement
(350)
(299)
1
Included in cost of sales and commercial and administration costs depending on the nature and use of the right-of-use asset
2
Included in cost of sales, commercial and administration costs, or research and development depending on the nature and use of the right-of-use asset
3
Included in cost of sales
4
Where the cost of meeting residual value guarantees is less than that previously estimated, as costs have been mitigated or liabilities waived by the lessor, the lease liability has been
remeasured. Where the value of this remeasurement exceeds the value of the right-of use asset, the reduction in the lease liability is credited to cost of sales
5
Variable lease payments primarily arise on a small number of contracts where engine lease payments are dependent upon utilisation rather than a periodic charge
6
Included in financing costs
The total cash outflow for leases in 2022 was £316m (2021: £448m). Of this £286m related to leases reflected in the lease liability, £28m to short-
term leases where lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis and £2m for variable lease payments where obligations are only due when
the right-of-use assets are used. The timing difference between the income statement charge and cash flow relates to costs incurred at the end
of leases for residual value guarantees and restoration costs that are recognised within depreciation over the term of the lease, the most significant
amounts relate to engine leases.
Leases as lessor
The Group acts as lessor for engines to Civil Aerospace customers when they require engines to support their fleets. Lease agreements with the
lessees provide protection over our assets. Usage in excess of specified limits and damage to the engine while on lease are covered by variable
lease payment structures. Lessee bankruptcy risk is managed through the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment
(including a specific protocol relating to aircraft equipment), an international treaty that creates common standards for the registration of lease
contracts and establishes various legal remedies for default in financing agreements, including repossession and the effect of particular states'
bankruptcy laws. Engines are only leased once we confirm that appropriate insurance documentation is established that covers the engine assets
to pre-agreed amounts. All such contracts are operating leases. The Group also leases out a small number of properties, or parts of properties,
where there is excess capacity under operating leases.
2022
2021
£m
£m
Operating lease income
–
credited within revenue from aftermarket services
1, 2
84
80
1
Includes variable lease payments received of £73m (2021: £71m) that do not depend on an index or a rate
2
Items of property, plant and equipment subject to an operating lease are disclosed in note 9
Total non-cancellable future operating lease rentals (undiscounted) of £95m (2021: £58m) are receivable over the next 12 years. £12m (2021: £9m)
is due within one year, £45m (2021: £28m) between one to five years and £38m (2021: £21m) after five years.
In a limited number of circumstances the Group sublets property that are treated as a finance lease when the arrangement transfers substantially
all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset. At 31 December 2022, the total undiscounted lease payments receivable is £39m (2021: £19m)
on annual lease income of £4m (2021: £2m). The discounted finance lease receivable at 31 December 2022 is £32m (2021: £17m). There was £nil
(2021: £nil) finance income recognised during the year.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
92
18 Trade payables and other liabilities
Current
Non-current
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Trade
payables
1
1,735
1,272
–
–
1,735
1,272
Accruals
1,477
1,361
199
192
1,676
1,553
Customer concession credits
2
616
1,106
864
399
1,480
1,505
Payables due on RRSAs
1
1,392
739
–
–
1,392
739
Deferred receipts from RRSA
workshare partners
32
23
829
484
861
507
Amounts owed to joint ventures and associates
567
486
–
–
567
486
Warranty credits
212
201
152
161
364
362
Government grants
3
21
28
41
39
62
67
Other taxation and social security
88
40
–
–
88
40
Other payables
4
843
761
279
300
1,122
1,061
6,983
6,017
2,364
1,575
9,347
7,592
Trade payables and other liabilities are analysed as follows
5
:
Financial instruments (
note
19
):
Trade payables and similar items
5,
739
4,
409
Other non
-
derivative financial liabilities
2,385
2,403
Non
-
financial instruments
1,
223
780
9,347
7,592
1
Includes payables due to ITP Aero that were previously eliminated on consolidation
2
Customer concession credits are a form of discount and are reported within revenue as set out on page 56
3
During the year, £20m, including £5m in discontinued operations, (2021: £13m) of government grants were released to the income statement
4
Other payables includes parts purchase obligations, payroll liabilities, HM Government UK levies and payables associated with business disposals
5 During the year, the classification between financial instruments and non-financial instruments has been reviewed and resulted in an increase to the classification of trade payables and
other liabilities disclosed as financial instruments of £364m
The Group’s payment terms with suppliers vary on the products and services being sourced, the competitive global markets the Group operates
in and other commercial aspects of suppliers’ relationships. Industry average payment terms vary between 90-120 days. The Group offers reduced
payment terms for smaller suppliers, so that they are paid in 30 days. In line with aerospace industry practice, the Group offers a SCF programme
in partnership with banks to enable suppliers, including joint ventures, who are on standard 75-day payment terms to receive their payments
sooner. The SCF programme is available to suppliers at their discretion and does not change rights and obligations with suppliers nor the timing
of payment of suppliers. At 31 December 2022 suppliers had drawn £422m under the SCF scheme (2021: £540m).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
93
19 Financial instruments
Carrying values and fair values of financial instruments
1
In the event of counterparty default relating to derivative financial assets and liabilities, offsetting would apply and financial assets and liabilities held with the same counterparty would net
off. If this occurred with every counterparty, total financial assets would be £8m (2021: £nil) and liabilities £3,459m (2021: £2,913m)
2
During the year, trade payables and similar items have been analysed in greater detail and consequently have been represented to include items previously classified as non-financial instruments
Assets
Liabilities
Total
Notes
Basis for
determining
fair value
FVPL
£m
FVOCI
£m
Amortised
cost
£m
FVPL
£m
Other
£m
£m
202
2
Other non-current asset
investments
11
A
26
10
–
–
–
36
Trade receivables and similar
items
13
B/C
–
10
4,472
–
–
4,482
Other non-derivative financial
assets
13
B
–
775
–
–
775
Other assets
D
35
–
–
–
–
35
Derivative financial assets
1
C
648
–
–
–
–
648
Short
-
term investments
B
–
–
11
–
–
11
Cash and cash equivalents
15
B
34
–
2,573
–
–
2,607
Borrowings
16
E/F
–
–
–
–
(4,108)
(4,108)
Lease liabilities
16
G
–
–
–
–
(1,847)
(1,847)
Derivative financial liabilities
1
C
–
–
–
(4,099)
–
(4,099)
Financial RRSAs
H
–
–
–
–
(22)
(22)
Other liabilities
H
–
–
–
–
(101)
(101)
Trade payables and similar items
18
B
–
–
–
–
(5,7
39
)
(5,7
39
)
Other non-derivative financial
liabilities
18
B
–
–
–
–
(2,385)
(2,385)
Contract liabilities
14
B
–
–
–
–
(4
20
)
(
4
20
)
743
20
7,831
(4,099)
(
14,622
)
(
10,127
)
202
1
Other non-current asset
investments
11
A
36
–
–
–
–
36
Trade receivables and similar
items
13
B/C
–
17
3,784
–
–
3,801
Other non-derivative financial
assets
13
B
–
–
704
–
–
704
Other assets
D
28
–
–
–
–
28
Derivative financial assets
1
C
379
–
–
–
–
379
Short
-
term investments
B
–
–
8
–
–
8
Cash and cash equivalents
15
B
49
–
2,572
–
–
2,621
Borrowings
16
E/F
–
–
–
–
(6,032)
(6,032)
Lease liabilities
16
G
–
–
–
–
(1,744)
(1,744)
Derivative financial liabilities
1
C
–
–
–
(3,292)
–
(3,292)
Financial RRSAs
H
–
–
–
–
(12)
(12)
Other
H
–
–
–
–
(75)
(75)
Trade payables and similar items
2
18
B
–
–
–
–
(4,
4
0
9
)
(4,
4
0
9
)
Other non-derivative financial
liabilities
18
B
–
–
–
–
(2,403)
(2,403)
Contract liabilities
14
B
–
–
–
–
(
264
)
(
264
)
492
17
7,068
(3,292)
(1
4
,
939
)
(1
0
,
654
)
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
94
19 Financial instruments continued
Fair values equate to book values for both 2022 and 2021, with the following exceptions:
2022
2021
Basis for
determining
fair value
Book value
£m
Fair value
£m
Book value
£m
Fair value
£m
Borrowings
E
(4,095)
(3,812)
(4,038)
(4,106)
Borrowings
F
(13)
(15)
(1,994)
(2,122)
Financial RRSAs
H
(22)
(22)
(12)
(13)
The fair value of a financial instrument is the price at which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing
parties in an arms-length transaction. There have been no transfers during the year from or to Level 3 valuation. Fair values have been determined
with reference to available market information at the balance sheet date, using the methodologies described below.
A These primarily comprise unconsolidated companies where fair value approximates to the book value. Listed investments are valued using Level 1 methodology
B Fair values are assumed to approximate to cost either due to the short-term maturity of the instruments or because the interest rate of the investments is reset after periods not exceeding six
months. Money market funds are valued using Level 1 methodology
C Fair values of derivative financial assets and liabilities and trade receivables held to collect or sell are estimated by discounting expected future contractual cash ﬂows using prevailing interest
rate curves. For commodity derivatives forward commodity prices are used to determine expected future cash flows. Amounts denominated in foreign currencies are valued at the exchange
rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. These financial instruments are included on the balance sheet at fair value, derived from observable market prices (Level 2)
D Other assets are included on the balance sheet at fair value, derived from observable market prices or latest forecast (Level 2/Level 3). At 31 December 2022, Level 3 assets totalled £25m (2021: £15m)
E Borrowings are carried at amortised cost. Amounts denominated in foreign currencies are valued at the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. The fair value of borrowings is
estimated using quoted prices (Level 1)
F Borrowings are carried at amortised cost. Amounts denominated in foreign currencies are valued at the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. The fair value of borrowings is
estimated by discounting contractual future cash flows (Level 2)
G The fair value of lease liabilities are estimated by discounting future contractual cash flows using either the interest rate implicit in the lease or the Group’s incremental cost of borrowing
(Level 2)
H The fair value of RRSAs and other liabilities are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows. The contractual cash flows are based on future trading activity, which is estimated based
on latest forecasts (Level 3)
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement defines a three level valuation hierarchy:
Level 1 — quoted prices for similar instruments;
Level 2 — directly observable market inputs other than Level 1 inputs; and
Level 3 — inputs not based on observable market data.
Carrying value of other financial assets and liabilities
Foreign
exchange
contracts
£m
Commodity
contracts
£m
Interest rate
contracts
1
£m
Total
derivatives
£m
Financial
RRSAs
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
2022
Non
-
current assets
58
25
436
519
–
23
542
Current assets
87
40
2
129
–
12
141
Assets
145
65
438
648
–
35
683
Current
liabilities
(966)
(1)
(2)
(969)
(8)
(15)
(992)
Non
-
current liabilities
(3,030)
(2)
(98)
(3,130)
(14)
(86)
(3,230)
Liabilities
(3,996)
(3)
(100)
(4,099)
(22)
(101)
(4,222)
(3,851)
62
338
(3,451)
(22)
(66)
(3,539)
2021
Non
-
current assets
159
11
176
346
–
15
361
Current assets
12
21
–
33
–
13
46
Assets
171
32
176
379
–
28
407
Current liabilities
(629)
–
–
(629)
(7)
(28)
(664)
Non
-
current liabilities
(2,581)
–
(82)
(2,663)
(5)
(47)
(2,715)
Liabilities
(3,210)
–
(82)
(3,292)
(12)
(75)
(3,379)
(3,039)
32
94
(2,913)
(12)
(47)
(2,972)
1
Includes the foreign exchange impact of cross-currency interest rate swaps
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
95
19 Financial instruments continued
Derivative financial instruments
The Group uses various ﬁnancial instruments to manage its exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates. The Group uses commodity swaps
to manage its exposure to movements in the price of commodities (jet fuel and base metals). To hedge the currency risk associated with a
borrowing denominated in a foreign currency, the Group has currency derivatives designated as part of fair value or cash flow hedges. The Group
uses interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements to manage its exposure to movements in interest rates.
Movements in the fair values of derivative financial assets and liabilities were as follows:
Foreign exchange
instruments
Commodity
instruments
Interest rate
instruments –
hedge
accounted
1
Interest rate
instruments –
non-hedge
accounted
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
(3,039)
(2,871)
32
(11)
57
233
37
(57)
(2,913)
(2,706)
Movement
s in fair value hedges
–
–
–
–
(74)
(143)
–
–
(74)
(143)
Movement
s
in cash flow hedges
(56)
(13)
–
4
142
(2)
–
–
86
(11)
Movements in other derivative
contracts
2
(1,875)
(681)
106
63
–
–
190
80
(1,579)
(538)
Contracts
settled
1,119
538
(76)
(9)
–
(31)
(14)
14
1,029
512
Reclassification to held for sale
–
(12)
–
(15)
–
–
–
–
–
(27)
At 31
December
(3,851)
(3,039)
62
32
125
57
213
37
(3,451)
(2,913)
1
Includes the foreign exchange impact of cross-currency interest rate swaps
2
Included in net financing
Financial RRSAs and other financial assets and liabilities
The Group has financial liabilities arising from financial RRSAs. These financial liabilities are valued at each reporting date using the amortised
cost method. This involves calculating the present value of the forecast cash flows of the arrangements using the internal rate of return at the
inception of the arrangements as the discount rate.
Movements in the carrying values were as follows:
Financial RRSAs
Other — assets
Other — liabilities
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
(12)
(81)
15
15
(75)
(73)
Exchange adjustments included in OCI
(2)
4
2
–
(4)
4
Additions
(6)
–
11
–
(35)
(9)
Financing charge
1
–
–
–
–
(4)
(1)
Excluded from underlying profit
/(loss)
:
Changes in forecast payments
1
(7)
(7)
–
–
–
–
Cash paid
5
3
(3)
–
8
3
Other
–
–
–
–
9
1
Reclassification
to held for sale
–
69
–
–
–
–
At
31 December
(22)
(12)
25
15
(101)
(75)
1
Included in financing
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
96
19 Financial instruments continued
Effect of hedging instruments on the financial position and performance
To manage the risk of changes in the fair values of fixed rate borrowings (the hedged items), the Group has entered into fixed-to-floating interest
rate swaps (the hedging instruments), which, for accounting purposes, are designated as fair value hedges. The impact of fair value hedges on
the financial position and performance of the Group is as follows:
Hedged item
1
Hedging instrument
2
Nominal
£m
FV
adjustment
in the
period
£m
FV
adjustment
since
inception
£m
Carrying
amount
£m
Nominal
£m
Carrying
amount
asset
£m
Carrying
amount
liability
£m
FV
movement
in the
period
£m
Hedge
ineffective-
ness in the
period
3
£m
Weighted
average
FX
rate
Weighted
average
interest
rate
At 31 December 2022
Sterling
(375)
43
24
(351)
375
–
(24)
(43)
–
1.00
SONIA
+0.89
USD
(658)
(20)
(143)
(801)
658
134
–
18
(2)
1.52
SONIA
+1.47
Euro
(968)
49
52
(916)
968
–
(72)
(51)
(2)
1.14
SONIA
+0.92
At 31 December
2021
Sterling
(375)
27
(19)
(394)
375
19
–
(27)
–
1.00
SONIA
+0.89
USD
(658)
19
(125)
(781)
658
116
–
(20)
(1)
1.52
SONIA
+1.4
7
Euro
(968)
91
1
(965)
968
–
(21)
(90)
1
1.
14
SONIA
+0.9
2
1
Hedged items are included in borrowings in the balance sheet
2
Hedging instruments are included in other financial assets or liabilities in the balance sheet
3
Hedge ineffectiveness is included in net financing in the income statement
To manage the foreign exchange rate risk in cash flows on fixed rate non-GBP borrowings (the hedged items) the Group has entered into fixed-
to-fixed cross-currency interest rate swaps (the hedging instruments) to hedge the cashflows into GBP, which for accounting purposes are
designated as cash flow hedges.
During the year to 31 December 2022, the Group entered into deal contingent forwards with a nominal amount of €1,500m to manage the foreign
exchange risk in Euro proceeds expected from the disposal of ITP Aero (hedged item). These contracts were designated as the hedging instrument
in cash flow hedges with hedge ratio of 1:1. At inception, the existence of an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging
instrument is verified. Both the spot component and the contingent element were designated as the hedging instrument.
At deal completion these contracts had a fair value of £(56)m based on the weighted average foreign exchange rate of 1.1992 £52m was reclassified
to loss on disposal in the income statement from hedging reserves (£62m from hedging reserve and £(10)m from cost of hedging reserve). There
was ineffectiveness of £4m recognised in net financing during the year. The forward element and basis were excluded from the hedging instrument
designation and are separately accounted for in the equity reserve for cost of hedging.
The impact of cash flow hedges on the financial position and performance of the Group is as follows:
Hedged item
Hedging instrument
1
H
edg
ing
reserve
s
Nominal
£m
FV
movement
in the
period
£m
Nominal
£m
Carrying
amount
asset/
(liability)
£m
FV
movement
in the
period
£m
Hedge
ineffectiveness
in the period
£m
Weighted
average
FX
rate
Weighted
average
interest
rate
Amount
recognised
in OCI
£m
Recycled
to net
financing
£m
Closing
cash flow
hedge
reserve
£m
At 31 December
2022
USD
(772)
(104)
772
89
109
5
1.29
5.33
(111)
96
(25)
Euro
(677)
(35)
677
(2)
35
–
1.11
5.45
(27)
28
(9)
At 31 December
2021
USD
(772)
(35)
772
(20)
35
–
1.29
5.3
3
(36)
10
(10)
Euro
(677)
32
677
(37)
(32)
(1)
1.11
5.4
5
39
(51)
(10)
1
Hedging instruments are included in other financial assets or liabilities in the balance sheet
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
97
19 Financial instruments continued
Risk management policies and hedging activities
The principal financial risks to which the Group is exposed are: foreign currency exchange rate risk; liquidity risk; credit risk; interest rate risk;
and commodity price risk. The Board has approved policies for the management of these risks.
Foreign currency exchange rate risk ‒ The Group has significant cash flows (most significantly USD, followed by the euro) denominated in
currencies other than the functional currency of the relevant trading entity. To manage its exposures to changes in values of future foreign
currency cash flows, so as to maintain relatively stable long-term foreign exchange rates on settled transactions, the Group enters into derivative
forward foreign currency transactions.
During the year the Board approved a revised FX hedging policy reducing the time horizon from 10 years to 5 years. The Group economically
hedges its GBP/USD exposure by forecasting highly probable net USD receipts up to five years forward. Hedges are taken out within prescribed
maximum and minimum hedge positions set out in the Group FX policy. Transition of the existing hedge book to the levels stated with the new
policy will be completed in the near term. The maximum and minimum policy bands decline gradually over the five-year horizon and are calculated
as a percentage of forecast net income. A similar policy is operated for the Group’s EUR/USD exposure. For accounting purposes, these derivative
contracts are not designated in hedging relationships.
The Group also has exposures to cash flows on EUR and USD denominated fixed rate borrowings. To manage its exposures to changes in values
of future foreign currency cash flows, the Group has entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency interest rate swaps, which, for accounting
purposes, are designated as cash flow hedges. The swaps have similar critical terms to the hedged items, such as the initial exchange amounts,
payment dates and maturities. Therefore there is an economic relationship and the hedge ratio is established as 1:1. Possible sources of
ineffectiveness in the cash flow hedge relationship are changes in the credit risk of either party to the interest rate swap. Another possible source
of ineffectiveness would be if the notional of the borrowings is less than the notional of the derivative, for example, in the event of a partial
repayment of hedged debt prior to its maturity.
The Group regards its interests in overseas subsidiary companies as long-term investments. The Group aims to match its translational exposures
by matching the currencies of assets and liabilities.
Liquidity risk ‒ The Group’s policy is to hold financial investments and maintain undrawn committed facilities at a level sufficient to ensure that
the Group has available funds to meet its medium-term capital and funding obligations and to meet any unforeseen obligations and opportunities.
The Group holds cash and short-term investments, which, together with the undrawn committed facilities, enable the Group to manage its liquidity
risk.
Credit risk ‒ The Group is exposed to credit risk to the extent of non-payment by either its customers or the counterparties of its ﬁnancial
instruments. The effective monitoring and controlling of credit risk is a key component of the Group's risk management activities. The Group has
credit policies covering both trading and ﬁnancial exposures. Credit risks arising from treasury activities are managed by a central treasury
function in accordance with the Group credit policy. The objective of the policy is to diversify and minimise the Group's exposure to credit risk
from its treasury activities by ensuring the Group transacts strictly with 'BBB' or higher rated financial institutions based on pre-established limits
per financial institution. At the balance sheet date, there were no signiﬁcant concentrations of credit risk to individual customers or
counterparties. The Group’s revenue is generated from customers located across multiple geographical locations (see note 2). These customers
are typically: airframers and airline operators relating to Civil Aerospace; government defence departments for the UK and US; and multiple
smaller entities for Power Systems. Whilst there are a limited number of customers related to Civil Aerospace and Defence, they are spread across
various geographical locations. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the balance sheet date is represented by the carrying value of each
ﬁnancial asset, including derivative ﬁnancial instruments.
Interest rate risk ‒ The Group’s interest rate risk is primarily in relation to its ﬁxed rate borrowings (fair value risk), ﬂoating rate borrowings and
cash and cash equivalents (cash ﬂow risk). Interest rate derivatives are used to manage the overall interest rate proﬁle of the Group. The fixed or
floating rate interest rate decision on long-term borrowings is determined for each new agreement at the point it is entered into. The aggregate
interest rate position of the Group is reviewed regularly and can be revised at any time in order to react to changes in market conditions or
circumstances.
The Group also has exposures to the fair values of non-derivative ﬁnancial instruments such as EUR, GBP and USD fixed rate borrowings. To
manage the risk of changes in these fair values, the Group has entered into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps and cross-currency interest rate
swaps which for accounting purposes are designated as fair value hedges. The swaps have similar critical terms to the hedged items, such as the
reference rate, reset dates, notional amounts, payment dates and maturities. Therefore there is an economic relationship and the hedge ratio is
established as 1:1. Possible sources of ineffectiveness in the fair value hedge relationship are changes in the credit risk of either party to the
interest rate swap and, for cross-currency interest rate swaps, the cross-currency basis risk as this risk is present in the hedging instrument only.
Another possible source of ineffectiveness would be if the notional of the borrowings is less than the notional of the derivative, for example in
the event of a partial repayment of hedged debt prior to its maturity.
The Group has exposure to changes in cash flows due to changes in interest rates. To manage this risk the Group has entered into floating-to-
fixed interest rate swaps to hedge a proportion of its floating rate exposure to fixed rates. The swaps have similar critical terms to the floating leg
of swaps that form part of the fair value hedges, such as the reference rate, reset dates, notional amounts, payment dates and maturities. For
accounting purposes, these derivative contracts are generally not designated as hedging instruments.
Commodity risk ‒ The Group has exposures to the price of jet fuel and base metals arising from business operations. To minimise its cash ﬂow
exposures to changes in commodity prices, the Group enters into derivative commodity transactions. The commodity hedging policy is similar to
the Group FX policy, in that the Group forecasts highly probable exposures to commodities, and takes out hedges within prescribed maximum
and minimum levels as set out in the policy. The maximum and minimum policy bands decline gradually over time. For accounting purposes, these
derivative contracts are generally not designated in hedging relationships.
Other price risk ‒ The Group’s cash equivalent balances represent investments in money-market instruments, with a term of up to three months.
The Group does not consider that these are subject to signiﬁcant price risk.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
98
19 Financial instruments continued
Derivative financial instruments
The nominal amounts, analysed by year of expected maturity, and fair values of derivative financial instruments are as follows:
Expected maturity
Fair value
Nominal
amount
£m
Within one
year
£m
Between one
and two
years
£m
Between two
and five
years
£m
After five
years
£m
Assets
£m
Liabilities
£m
At 31 December
2022
Foreign exchange contracts:
Non
-
hedge accounted
22,844
9,539
4,180
8,898
227
145
(3,996)
Interest rate contracts:
Fair value hedges
2,001
–
484
1,033
484
135
(97)
Cash flow hedges
1,449
–
–
1,449
–
89
(2)
Non
-
hedge accounted
2,001
–
484
1,033
484
214
(1)
Commodity contracts:
Non
-
hedge accounted
219
97
79
43
–
65
(3)
28,514
9,636
5,227
12,456
1,195
648
(4,099)
At 31 December 2021
Foreign exchange contracts:
Non
-
hedge accounted
28,767
6,975
8,139
12,471
1,182
171
(3,210)
Interest rate contracts:
Fair value hedges
2,001
–
–
1,517
484
135
(21)
Cash flow hedges
1,449
–
–
677
772
–
(57)
Non
-
hedge accounted
2,001
–
–
1,517
484
41
(4)
Commodity contracts:
Non
-
hedge accounted
179
85
60
34
–
32
–
34,397
7,060
8,199
16,216
2,922
379
(3,292)
As described above, all derivative financial instruments are entered into for risk management purposes, although these may not be designated
into hedging relationships for accounting purposes.
Currency analysis
Foreign exchange contracts are denominated in the following currencies:
Nominal amount of currencies purchased forward
Sterling
£m
USD
£m
Euro
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
At 31 December 2022
Currencies sold forward:
Sterling
–
4,321
45
146
4,512
USD
16,246
–
1,578
253
18,077
Euro
30
160
–
40
230
Other
–
8
17
–
25
At 31 December 2021
Currencies sold forward:
Sterling
–
5,479
–
250
5,729
USD
19,916
–
2,430
325
22,671
Euro
–
263
–
46
309
Other
2
41
14
1
58
The nominal value of interest rate and commodity contracts are denominated in the following currencies:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Sterling
2,376
2,376
USD
1,629
1,600
Euro
1,665
1,654
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
99
19 Financial instruments continued
Non-derivative financial instruments are denominated in the following currencies:
Sterling
£m
USD
£m
Euro
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
At 31 December 2022
Other non-current investments 10
16
10
–
36
Trade receivables and similar items
566
3,270
565
81
4,482
Other non-derivative financial assets 61
666
33
15
775
Other assets –
24
11
–
35
Short-term investments –
–
11
–
11
Cash and cash equivalents 398
897
1,155
157
2,607
Assets 1,035
4,873
1,785
253
7,946
Borrowings (893)
(1,627)
(1,587)
(1)
(4,108)
Lease liabilities (181)
(1,401)
(49)
(216)
(1,847)
Financial RRSAs –
(7)
(15)
–
(22)
Other liabilities (11)
(90)
–
–
(101)
Trade payables and similar items (690)
(4,315)
(675)
(59)
(5,739)
Other non-derivative financial liabilities (271)
(1,941)
(129)
(44)
(2,385)
Contract liabilities –
(420)
–
–
(420)
Liabilities (2,046)
(9,801)
(2,455)
(320)
(14,622)
(1,011)
(4,928)
(670)
(67)
(6,676)
At 31 December 2021
Other non-current investments
12
23
1
–
36
Trade receivables and similar items
511
2,776
450
64
3,801
Other non-derivative financial assets
16
640
30
18
704
Other assets –
28
–
–
28
Short-term investments –
–
8
–
8
Cash and cash equivalents
700
673
1,135
113
2,621
Assets
1,239
4,140
1,624
195
7,198
Borrowings (2,915)
(1,518)
(1,598)
(1)
(6,032)
Lease liabilities (188)
(1,300)
(48)
(208)
(1,744)
Financial RRSAs – –
(12)
– (12)
Other liabilities (17)
(58)
– – (75)
Trade payables and similar items
1
(503)
(3,399)
(444)
(63)
(4,409)
Other non-derivative financial liabilities (287)
(1,957)
(113)
(46)
(2,403)
Contract liabilities – (264)
– – (264)
Liabilities (3,910)
(8,496)
(2,215)
(318)
(14,939)
(2,671)
(4,356)
(591)
(123)
(7,741)
1
During the year, trade payables and similar items have been analysed in greater detail and consequently have been represented to include items previously classified as non-financial instruments
Currency exposures
The Group’s actual currency exposure on financial instruments after taking account of derivative foreign currency contracts, which are not
designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes are as follows:
Functional currency of Group operations
Sterling
£m
USD
£m
Euro
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
At 31 December 2022
Sterling
–
–
1
4
5
USD (7)
–
(2)
7
(2)
Euro (1)
–
–
–
(1)
Other 108
26
86
–
220
At 31 December 2021
Sterling
–
1
1
(4)
(2)
USD
(8)
–
–
4
(4)
Euro
1
(4)
–
3
–
Other
82
14
51
2
149
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
100
19 Financial instruments continued
Ageing beyond contractual due date of financial assets
Within terms
£m
Up to three
months
overdue
£m
Between three
months and one
year overdue
£m
More than one
year overdue
£m
Total
£m
At 31 December 2022
Other non-current asset investments
36
–
–
–
36
Trade receivables and similar items
3,981
219
169
113
4,482
Other non-derivative financial assets
755
9
10
1
775
Other assets
35
–
–
–
35
Derivative financial assets
648
–
–
–
648
Short-term investments
11
–
–
–
11
Cash and cash equivalents
2,607
–
–
–
2,607
8,073
228
179
114
8,594
At 31 December 2021
Other non-current asset investments
36
–
–
–
36
Trade receivables and similar items
3,084
369
211
137
3,801
Other non-derivative financial assets
698
–
5
1
704
Other assets
28
– – –
28
Derivative financial assets
379
– – –
379
Short-term investments
8
– – –
8
Cash and cash equivalents
2,621
– – –
2,621
6,854
369
216
138
7,577
Contractual maturity analysis of non-derivative financial liabilities
Gross values
Within one year
£m
Between one
and two years
£m
Between two
and five years
£m
After five years
£m
Carrying value
£m
At 31 December
2022
Borrowings
(168)
(653)
(3,612)
(510)
(4,108)
Lease liabilities
(435)
(311)
(886)
(734)
(1,847)
Financial RRSAs
(10)
(7)
(1)
(5)
(22)
Other liabilities
(15)
(10)
(30)
(46)
(101)
Trade payables and similar items
(5,352)
(147)
(107)
(133)
(5,739)
Other non
-
derivative financial liabilities
(1,367)
(427)
(234)
(357)
(2,385)
Contract liabilities
(4
20
)
–
–
–
(4
20
)
(7,767)
(1,555)
(4,870)
(1,785)
(14,622)
At 31 December
2021
Borrowings
(259)
(265)
(4,806)
(1,849)
(6,032)
Lease liabilities
(322)
(261)
(724)
(852)
(1,744)
Financial RRSAs
(6)
(5)
(2)
–
(12)
Other liabilities
(27)
(9)
(24)
(15)
(75)
Trade payables and similar items
1
(4,019)
(33)
(131)
(226)
(4,409)
Other non
-
derivative financial liabilities
(1,812)
(83)
(207)
(301)
(2,403)
Contract liabilities
(264)
–
–
–
(264)
(6,709)
(656)
(5,894)
(3,243)
(14,939)
1
During the year, trade payables and similar items have been analysed in greater detail and consequently have been represented to include items previously classified as non-financial instruments
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
101
19 Financial instruments continued
Expected maturity analysis of derivative financial instruments
Gross values
Within one year
£m
Between one
and two years
£m
Between two
and five years
£m
After five years
£m
Carrying
value
£m
At 31 December 2022
Derivative financial assets:
Cash inflows 3,002
551
3,179
–
Cash outflows (2,907)
(540)
(2,886)
–
Other net cash flows
1
131
90
98
7
226
101
391
7
648
Derivative financial liabilities:
Cash inflows 6,658
4,238
8,290
722
Cash outflows (8,019)
(5,162)
(10,604)
(745)
Other net cash flows
1
(10)
(10)
(4)
–
(1,371)
(934)
(2,318)
(23)
(4,099)
At 31 December 2021
Derivative financial assets:
Cash inflows 840 1,051 3,145 456
Cash outflows (811)
(1,017)
(2,922)
(445)
Other net cash flows
1
26 27 43 2
55 61 266 13 379
Derivative financial liabilities:
Cash inflows 6,246 7,198 11,441 1,987
Cash outflows (6,917)
(8,022)
(13,200)
(2,314)
Other net cash flows
1
(2)
(1)
– –
(673)
(825)
(1,759)
(327)
(3,292)
1
Derivative financial assets and liabilities that are settled on a net cash basis
Interest rate risk
In respect of income-earning financial assets and interest-bearing financial liabilities, the following table indicates their effective interest rates.
The value shown is the carrying amount before taking account of swaps.
2022 2021
Fixed rate
£m
Floating
rate
£m
Total
£m
Fixed rate
£m
Floating
rate
£m
Total
£m
Short
-
term investments
–
11
11
–
8
8
Cash and cash equivalents
1
–
2,607
2,607
–
2,621
2,621
Borrowings
(4,096)
(12)
(4,108)
(4,041)
(1,991)
(6,032)
Lease liabilities
(1,235)
(612)
(1,847)
(1,084)
(660)
(1,744)
(5,331)
1,994
(3,337)
(5,125)
(22)
(5,147)
Weighted average
interest rates
Borrowings
3.7%
4.7%
3.7%
4.1%
Lease liabilities
2
3.9%
6.3%
4.0%
2.0%
1
Cash and cash equivalents comprises bank balances and term deposits and earn interest based on short-term floating market interest rates
2
Interest rates for lease liabilities are considered to be the discount rates at the balance sheet date
None (2021: £8m (including borrowings classified as held for sale)) of the Group’s borrowings are subject to the Group meeting certain obligations,
including customary ﬁnancial covenants. There are no rating triggers contained in any of the Group’s facilities that could require the Group to
accelerate or repay any facility for a given movement in the Group’s credit rating.
£111m (2021: £99m) of the Group’s lease liabilities include a customary loan-to-value covenant. The Group has several contractual cures available
in the event the stipulated loan-to-value ratio is exceeded. Failure by the Group to satisfy its contractual obligations under the covenant gives
rights to the lessor to terminate its lease and claim termination amounts for the outstanding lease balance. At 31 December 2022 none (2021: none)
of these were in breach.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
102
19 Financial instruments continued
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivities at
31
December
(all other variables held constant)
–
impact on profit after tax and equity
2022
£m
2021
£m
Sterling 10% weaker against the USD
(1,6
00
)
(1,687)
Sterling 10% stronger against the USD
1,3
09
1,382
Euro 10% weaker against the USD
(46)
(227)
Euro 10% stronger against the USD
38
185
Sterling 10% weaker against the Euro
(17)
(15)
Sterling 10% stronger against the Euro
14
12
Commodity prices 10% lower
(21)
(17)
Commodity prices 10% higher
21
17
Interest rates 50 basis points lower
(65)
(67)
Interest rates 50 basis points higher
64
65
20 Provisions for liabilities and charges
At 31
December
2021 as
previously
reported
£m
On
adoption of
amendment
to IAS 37
£m
At 1
January
2022
£m
Charged to
income
statement
1
£m
Reversed
£m
Utilised
£m
Exchange
differences
£m
At 31
December
2022
£m
Contract losses
845
723
1,568
520
(395)
(106)
5
1,592
Warranty and guarantees
305
–
305
98
(20)
(87)
21
317
Trent 1000 wastage costs
157
–
157
106
–
(84)
–
179
Insurance
52
–
52
15
(20)
(7)
–
40
Employer liability claims
47
–
47
3
(14)
(3)
–
33
Restructuring
21
–
21
–
(10)
(6)
1
6
Customer financing
17
–
17
–
(7)
(10)
–
–
Tax related interest and penalties
14
–
14
3
(2)
–
1
16
Other
124
–
124
47
(18)
(7)
4
150
1,582
723
2,305
792
(486)
(310)
32
2,333
Current liabilities
475
513
632
Non
-
current liabilities
1,107
1,792
1,701
1
The charge to the income statement includes £33m (2021: £32m) as a result of the unwinding of the discounting of provisions previously recognised
Contract losses
Provisions for contract losses are recorded when the direct costs to fulfil a contract are assessed as being greater than the expected revenue. As a
result of the amendment to IAS 37 for Onerous Contracts, from 1 January 2022 provisions for contract losses have been measured on a fully costed
basis resulting in a £723m increase of the total contract loss provision as at 1 January 2022 (see note 1 for details). During the year, additional contract
losses for the Group of £520m have been recognised as a result of changes in future cost estimates, primarily in relation to LTSA shop visits, exchange
rate movements and also includes £157m which arose from the sale of ITP Aero resulting in the recognition of the additional costs which were
previously eliminated on consolidation. Contract losses of £395m previously recognised have been reversed following improvements to cost estimates
across various large engine programmes as a result of operational improvements and updates to the discount rate. The Group continues to monitor
the contract loss provision for changes in the market and revises the provision as required. The value of the remaining contract loss provisions reflect, in
each case, the single most likely outcome. The provisions are expected to be utilised over the term of the customer contracts, typically within 8 to 16 years.
Warranty and guarantees
Provisions for warranty and guarantees primarily relate to products sold and are calculated based on an assessment of the remediation costs
related to future claims based on past experience. The provision generally covers a period of up to three years.
Trent 1000 wastage costs
In November 2019, the Group announced the outcome of testing and a thorough technical and financial review of the Trent 1000 TEN programme,
following technical issues which were identified in 2019, resulting in a revised timeline and a more conservative estimate of durability for the
improved HP turbine blade for the TEN variant. During the year, the Group has utilised £84m of the Trent 1000 wastage costs provision. This
represents customer disruption costs and remediation shop visit costs. During the year, additional Trent 1000 costs of £106m relating to wastage
have been recognised reflecting delays in certification which have led to revised cost and timing estimates. The value of the remaining provision
reflects the single most likely outcome and is expected to be utilised over the period 2023-2024.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
103
20 Provisions for liabilities and charges continued
Insurance
The Group’s captive insurance company retains a portion of the exposures it insures on behalf of the remainder of the Group which include
policies for aviation claims, employer liabilities and healthcare claims. Significant delays can occur in the notification and settlement of claims and
judgement is involved in assessing outstanding liabilities, the ultimate cost and timing of which cannot be known with certainty at the balance
sheet date. The insurance provisions are based on information currently available, however it is inherent in the nature of the business that ultimate
liabilities may vary if the frequency or severity of claims differs from estimated. Provisions for outstanding claims are established to cover the
outstanding expected liability as well as claims incurred but not yet reported.
Employer liability claims
The provision relating to employer healthcare liability claims is as a result of an historical insolvency of the previous provider and is expected to
be utilised over the next 30 years.
Customer financing
Customer financing provisions are made to cover guarantees provided for asset value and/or financing where it is probable that a payment will
be made. These are reported on a discounted basis at the Group’s borrowing rate to better reflect the time span over which these exposures
could arise. The values of aircraft providing security are based on advice from a specialist aircraft appraiser. There were no provisions for
Customer financing provisions at 31 December 2022 (2021: £17m). The Group has contingent liabilities for customer financing arrangements where
the payment is not probable. See note 24.
Tax related interest and penalties
Provisions for tax related interest and penalties relate to uncertain tax positions in some of the jurisdictions in which the Group operates. Utilisation
of the provisions will depend on the timing of resolution of the issues with the relevant tax authorities.
Other
During the year, £47m of other provisions have been charged to the income statement. The items that make up the charge in the year are
individually immaterial and predominately relate to claims. At 31 December 2022, other provisions includes those items as well as others
(predominantly supplier claims), where the related legal proceedings are ongoing and utilisation will depend upon their resolution. The value
of the provision reflects the single most likely outcome in each case.
21 Post-retirement benefits
The Group operates a number of defined benefit and defined contribution schemes:
– The UK defined benefit scheme is funded, with the assets held in a separate UK trust. The scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December
2020 for all active members and there are no new defined benefit accruals in the UK scheme. As at 31 December 2022 the scheme was
estimated to be funded at 109% on the Technical Provisions basis.
– The Group also operates a large trust based defined contribution scheme for current employees in the UK (RRRST). Pension contributions
are generally paid as a salary sacrifice under which employees agree to a reduction in gross contractual pay in return for the Group making
additional pension contributions on their behalf. As a result, there is a decrease in wages and salaries and a corresponding increase in pension
costs of £46m (2021: £45m) in the year.
– Overseas defined benefit schemes are a mixture of funded and unfunded plans and provide benefits in line with local practice. Additionally
in the US, and to a lesser extent in some other countries, the Group’s employment practices include the provision of healthcare and life
insurance benefits for retired employees. These healthcare schemes are unfunded.
The valuations of the defined benefit schemes are based on the results of the most recent funding valuation, where relevant, updated by the
scheme actuaries to 31 December 2022.
Changes to the UK defined benefit scheme
As at 31 December 2022, a constructive obligation has been recognised for the extension of the Bridging Pension Option (BPO) to other deferred
members in RRUKPF. As a result, a past service credit of £6m has been recognised within non-underlying operating profit.
The Rolls-Royce North America salaried plan was closed to future accruals in 2021. On 1 December 2022, the remaining assets and liabilities were
transferred to Legal and General America Group as a bulk annuity purchase and were derecognised from the balance sheet. This resulted in a
settlement loss of £7m.
During the year, Power Systems replaced a number of their existing defined benefit schemes with a new company pension scheme to offer payment
options at time of retirement. The new system, which is similar in structure to a defined contribution scheme with a guarantee from the Company in
accordance with German legislation, significantly reduces interest risks and longevity risks for the employer for future commitments. Invested assets
for the scheme will be managed by Swiss Life. A past service credit of £23m has been recognised within non-underlying operating profit.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
104
21 Post-retirement benefits continued
Amounts recognised in the income statement
2022
2021
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
Defined benefit schemes:
Current service cost and administrative expenses 8
44
52
10
61
71
P
ast
-
service
credit and settlement loss
(6)
(19)
(25)
(15)
(33)
(48)
2
25
27
(5)
28
23
Defined contribution schemes 154
87
241
146
81
227
Operating cost
156
112
268
141
109
250
Net financing (credit)/charge in respect of defined benefit
schemes
(21)
23
2
(16)
19
3
Total income statement charge
135
135
270
125
128
253
The operating cost is charged as follows:
Defined benefit
Defined contribution
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Cost of sales
37
50
168
158
205
208
Commercial and administrative costs
(17)
(38)
38
32
21
(6)
Research and development costs
7
11
33
35
40
46
27
23
239
225
266
248
Discontinued operations
–
–
2
2
2
2
27
23
241
227
268
250
Net financing comprises:
2022
2021
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
Financing on
scheme obligations
149
46
195
137
41
178
Financing on scheme assets
(170)
(23)
(193)
(153)
(22)
(175)
Net financing (income)/charge in respect of defined benefit
schemes
(21)
23
2
(16)
19
3
Financing income on scheme surpluses
(21)
(3)
(24)
(16)
(1)
(17)
Financing cost on scheme deficits
–
26
26
–
20
20
Amounts recognised in OCI in respect of defined benefit schemes
2022
2021
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
Actuarial gains
and losses arising from:
Demographic assumptions
1
19
–
19
(101)
(2)
(103)
Financial assumptions
2
3,423
602
4,025
416
159
575
Experience adjustments
3
(235)
(7)
(242)
(88)
12
(76)
Return on scheme assets excluding financing income
2
(3,751)
(207)
(3,958)
(112)
(30)
(142)
(544)
388
(156)
115
139
254
1
For the UK Scheme, this reflects the latest available CMI mortality projections and an update of the post-retirement mortality assumptions based on an analysis prepared for the 31 March 2020
funding valuation
2
Actuarial gains and losses arising from financial assumptions arise primarily due to changes in interest rates and inflation
3
This reflects realised inflation being higher than expected in the period, resulting in increases in actual pension increases and deferred pension expectations
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
105
21 Post-retirement benefits continued
Amounts recognised in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit schemes
2022
2021
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
UK
schemes
£m
Overseas
schemes
£m
Total
£m
Present value of funded obligations
(4,621)
(944)
(5,565)
(8,010)
(863)
(8,873)
Fair value of scheme assets
5,215
493
5,708
9,128
861
9,989
Net
asset/(liability)
on funded schemes
594
(451)
143
1,118
(2)
1,116
Present value of unfunded obligations
–
(563)
(563)
–
(1,341)
(1,341)
Net
asset/(liability)
recognised in the balance sheet
594
(1,014)
(420)
1,118
(1,343)
(225)
Post
-
retirement scheme surpluses
1
594
19
613
1,118
30
1,148
Post
-
retirement scheme deficits
–
(1,033)
(1,033)
–
(1,373)
(1,373)
1
The surplus in the UK scheme is recognised as on an ultimate wind-up when there are no longer any remaining members, any surplus would be returned to the Group, which has the power to
prevent the surplus being used for other purposes in advance of this event
Overseas schemes are located in the following countries:
2022
2021
Assets
£m
Obligations
£m
Net
£m
Assets
£m
Obligations
£m
Net
£m
Canada
187
(226)
(39)
245
(275)
(30)
Germany
10
(638)
(628)
2
(883)
(881)
US pensions schemes
296
(308)
(12)
614
(643)
(29)
US healthcare schemes
–
(333)
(333)
–
(400)
(400)
Other
–
(2)
(2)
–
(3)
(3)
Net
asset/(liability)
recognised
in the balance sheet
493
(1,507)
(1,014)
861
(2,204)
(1,343)
Defined benefit schemes
Assumptions
Significant actuarial assumptions for UK schemes at the balance sheet date were as follows:
2022
2021
Discount rate
4.80%
1.90%
Inflation assumption (RPI)
3.50%
3.60%
Inflation assumption (CPI)
2.95%
3.05%
Transfer assumption (employed deferred/deferred)
50%/40%
50%/40%
Bridging Pension Option assumption
30%
25%
Life expectancy from age 65: current male pensioner
21.9 years
21.8 years
future male pensioner currently aged 45
23.2 years
23.2 years
current female pensioner
23.7 years
23.6 years
future female pensioner currently aged 45
25.5 years
25.4 years
Discount rates are determined by reference to the market yields on AA rated corporate bonds. The rate is determined by using the profile of
forecast benefit payments to derive a weighted average discount rate from the yield curve.
The inflation assumption is determined by the market-implied assumption based on the yields on long-term index-linked government securities.
The mortality assumptions adopted for the UK pension schemes are derived from the SAPS S3 'All' actuarial tables, with future improvements in
line with the CMI 2021 core projections updated to reflect use of an ‘A’ parameter of 0.25% for future improvements and long-term improvements
of 1.25%. Where appropriate, these are adjusted to take account of the scheme's actual experience.
The assumption for transfers and the BPO is based on actual experience and actuarial advice.
Other assumptions have been set on advice from the actuary, having regard to the latest trends in scheme experience and the assumptions used
in the most recent funding valuation. The rate of increase of pensions in payment is based on the rules of the scheme, combined with the inflation
assumption where the increase is capped.
Assumptions for overseas schemes are less significant and are based on advice from local actuaries. The principal assumptions are:
2022
2021
Discount rate
4.70%
2.20%
Inflation assumption
2.30%
2.10%
Long
-
term
healthcare cost trend rate
4.75%
4.75%
Male life expectancy from age 65: current pensioner
20.5 years
20.7 years
future pensioner currently aged 45
22.4 years
22.5 years
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
106
21 Post-retirement benefits continued
Changes in present value of defined benefit obligations
2022
2021
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
At 1 January
(8,010)
(2,204)
(10,214)
(8,879)
(2,463)
(11,342)
Exchange
differences
–
(165)
(165)
–
49
49
Current service cost
(4)
(43)
(47)
(4)
(60)
(64)
Past
-
service
cost
6
24
30
15
33
48
Finance cost
(149)
(49)
(198)
(137)
(41)
(178)
Contributions by employe
es
–
(4)
(4)
–
(2)
(2)
Benefits paid out
329
102
431
768
101
869
Disposal of businesses
–
–
–
–
12
12
Actuarial gains
3,207
599
3,806
227
169
396
Transfers
–
(2)
(2)
–
(2)
(2)
Settlement
–
235
235
–
–
–
At 31 December
(4,621)
(1,507)
(6,128)
(8,010)
(2,204)
(10,214)
Funded schemes
(4,621)
(944)
(5,565)
(8,010)
(863)
(8,873)
Unfunded schemes
–
(563)
(563)
–
(1,341)
(1,341)
The defined benefit obligations are in respect of:
Active plan participants
1
(1,681)
(693)
(2,374)
(3,451)
(1,193)
(4,644)
Deferred plan participants
(1,172)
(93)
(1,265)
(2,258)
(176)
(2,434)
Pensioners
(1,768)
(721)
(2,489)
(2,301)
(835)
(3,136)
Weighted average duration of obligations (years)
17
13
16
22
15
21
1
Although the UK scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2020, members who became deferred as a result of the closure and remain employed by the Group retain some additional
benefits compared to other deferred members. The obligations for these members are shown as active plan participants
Changes in fair value of scheme assets
2022
2021
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
At 1 January
9,128
861
9,989
9,762
894
10,656
Exchange
differences
–
77
77
–
12
12
Administrative expenses
(4)
(1)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(7)
Financing
170
23
193
153
22
175
Return on plan assets excluding financing
(3,751)
(207)
(3,958)
(112)
(30)
(142)
Contributions by employe
r
1
80
81
99
63
162
Contributions by employe
es
–
4
4
–
2
2
Benefits paid out
(329)
(102)
(431)
(768)
(101)
(869)
Settlement
–
(242)
(242)
–
–
–
At 31 December
5,215
493
5,708
9,128
861
9,989
Total return on scheme assets
(3,581)
(184)
(3,765)
41
(8)
33
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
107
21 Post-retirement benefits continued
Fair value of scheme assets at 31 December
2022
2021
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
UK schemes
Overseas
schemes
Total
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Sovereign debt
3,574
120
3,6
94
5,756
217
5,973
Corporate debt instruments
1,492
2
57
1,7
49
3,122
389
3,511
Interest rate swaps
196
–
196
54
–
54
Inflation swaps
212
–
212
106
–
106
Cash and similar instruments
1
(1,066)
–
(1,066)
(811)
144
(667)
Liability driven investment (LDI) portfolio
s
2
4,408
377
4,785
8,227
750
8,977
Listed equities
–
78
78
–
101
101
Unlisted equities
40
–
40
54
–
54
Synthetic equities
3
(8)
–
(8)
43
4
47
Sovereign debt
–
–
–
–
4
4
Corporate debt instruments
772
–
772
802
–
802
Cash
–
5
5
–
2
2
Other
3
33
36
2
–
2
At 31 December
5,215
493
5,708
9,128
861
9,989
1
UK cash and similar instruments include repurchase agreements on UK Government bonds amounting to £(1,221)m (2021: £(1,087)m). The latest maturity date for these short-term borrowings is April 2024
2
A portfolio of gilt and swap contracts, backed by investment-grade credit instruments and diversified liquidity funds, that is designed to hedge the majority of the interest rate and inflation
risks associated with the schemes’ obligations
3
Portfolios of swap contracts designed to provide investment returns in line with global equity markets. The maximum exposure (notional value and accrued returns) on the portfolios was £344m
(2021: £550m)
The investment strategy for the UK scheme is controlled by the Trustee in consultation with the Group. The scheme assets do not directly include
any of the Group’s own financial instruments, nor any property occupied by, or other assets used by, the Group. At 31 December 2022, there was
no indirect holding of the Group’s financial instruments (2021: none).
The liquidity of the UK scheme was not significantly impacted by the rapid rise in UK Government bond yields in the second half of 2022. The UK
scheme (and its predecessor schemes) benefited from prudent cash funding from the Group in previous financial years coupled with long-term liability
hedging programmes. These factors have resulted in the scheme being relatively well funded and consequently enabled it to keep leverage relatively
low. Throughout 2022 the UK scheme maintained adequate levels of liquidity and eligible collateral to service its leveraged positions.
Future contributions
The Group expects to contribute approximately £70m to its overseas defined benefit schemes in 2023 (2022: £66m).
In the UK, any cash funding of RRUKPF is based on a statutory triennial funding valuation process. The Group and the Trustee negotiate and
agree the actuarial assumptions used to value the liabilities (Technical Provisions); assumptions which may differ from those used for accounting
set out above. The assumptions used to value Technical Provisions must be prudent rather than a best estimate of the liability. Most notably, the
Technical Provision discount rate is currently based upon UK Government yields plus a margin (0.5% at the 31 March 2020 valuation) rather than
being based on yields of AA corporate bonds. Once each valuation is signed, a Schedule of Contributions (SoC) must be agreed which sets out
the cash contributions to be paid. The most recent valuation, as at 31 March 2020, agreed by the Trustee in June 2021, showed that RRUKPF was
estimated to be 105% funded on the Technical Provisions basis (estimated to be 109% at 31 December 2022). All cash due has been paid in full
and the current SoC does not require any cash contributions to be made by the Group. The current SoC does include an agreement for
contributions between 2024 to 2027 (capped at £145m in total) if the Technical Provisions funding position is below 107% at 31 March 2023.
Sensitivities
The calculations of the defined benefit obligations are sensitive to the assumptions set out above. The following table summarises how the
estimated impact of a change in a significant assumption would affect the UK defined benefit obligation at 31 December 2022, while holding all
other assumptions constant. This sensitivity analysis may not be representative of the actual change in the defined benefit obligation as it is
unlikely that the change in assumptions would occur in isolation of one another as some of the assumptions may be correlated.
For the most significant funded schemes, the investment strategies hedge the risks from interest rates and inflation measured on a proxy solvency basis.
For the UK scheme, the interest rate and inflation hedging is currently based on UK Government bond yields without any adjustment for any credit
spread. The sensitivity analysis set out below have been determined based on a method that estimates the impact on the defined benefit obligation
as a result of reasonable changes in key assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Reduction in the discount rate of 0.25%
1
Obligation
(205)
(460)
Plan assets (LDI portfolio)
235
484
Increase in inflation of 0.25%
1
Obligation
(70)
(210)
Plan assets (LDI portfolio)
91
147
Increase of 1% in
transfer value assumption
Obligation
s
(30)
(55)
Increase of 5% of transfers instead of BPO
Obligations
(5)
(30)
One year increase in life expectancy
Obligation
s
(1
6
5)
(365)
1
The differences between the sensitivities on obligations and plan assets arise largely due to differences in the methods used to value the obligations for accounting purposes and the adopted
proxy solvency basis
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
108
22 Share capital
Equity
Ordinary
shares of
20p each
Millions
Nominal
value
£m
Issued and fully paid
At
1 January 2021 and 31 December 2021
1,6
91
338
At 31 December 202
2
1,691
338
Rights, preferences and restrictions
Each member has one vote for each ordinary share held. Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive the Company’s Annual Report; attend
and speak at general meetings of the Company; to appoint one or more proxies or, if they are corporations, corporate representatives; and to
exercise voting rights. The ordinary shares are not listed.
23 Share-based payments
Effect of share-based payment transactions on the Group’s results and financial position
2022
£m
2021
£m
Total expense recognised for equity
-
settled share
-
based payment transactions
47
28
Total
cost
recognised for cash
-
settled share
-
based payment
transactions
1
–
Share
-
based payments recognised in the consolidated income statement
48
28
Liability for cash
-
settled share
-
based payment transactions
1
–
A description of the share-based payment plans is included below.
Movements in the Group’s share-based payment plans during the year
ShareSave
LTIP
DSBP
Number
Millions
Weighted
average exercise
price
Pence
Number
Millions
Number
Millions
Outstanding at 1 January 2021
49
.
6
239
6
7.
6
1
.
4
Granted
56.8
97
33.8
0.1
Forfeited
(31.3)
239
(14.3)
(0.1)
Exercised
–
–
(10.1)
(0.6)
Outstanding at 31 December 2021
75.1
132
77.0
0.8
Granted
0.1
104
47.2
12.3
Forfeited
(9.6)
161
(13.4)
(0.2)
Exercised
–
–
(17.8)
(0.7)
Outstanding at 31 December
2022
65.6
127
93.0
12
.2
Exercisable at 31 December 2022
–
–
–
–
Exercisable at 31 December
2021
–
–
–
–
The weighted average share price at the date share options were exercised was 95p (2021: 119p). The closing price at 31 December 2022 was 93p
(2021: 123p).
The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options as at 31 December 2022 was two years (2021: two years) and the range of
exercise prices for the share options as at 31 December 2022 was 97p to 261p.
Fair values of share-based payment plans
The weighted average fair value per share of equity-settled share-based payment plans granted during the year, estimated at the date of grant,
are as follows:
2022
2021
LTIP
90p
104p
ShareSave
–
three
-
year grant
n/a
67p
DSBP
91p
105p
Long-term incentive plans (LTIP)
The fair value of shares awarded are calculated using a pricing model that takes account of the non-entitlement to dividends (or equivalent)
during the vesting period and the market-based performance condition based on expectations about volatility and the correlation of share price
returns in the group of FTSE 100 companies and which incorporates into the valuation the interdependency between share price performance
and TSR vesting. This adjustment decreases the fair value of the award relative to the share price at the date of grant.
ShareSave
The fair value of the options granted is calculated using a pricing model that assumes that participants will exercise their options at the beginning
of the six-month window if the share price is greater than the exercise price. Otherwise, it assumes that options are held until the expiration of
their contractual term. This results in an expected life that falls somewhere between the start and end of the exercise window.
Deferred Share Bonus Plan (DSBP)
The fair value of shares awarded under DSBP is calculated as the share price on the date of the award, excluding expected dividends (or equivalent).
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
109
24 Contingent liabilities
In January 2017, after full cooperation, the Company concluded deferred prosecution agreements (DPA) with the SFO and the US Department of
Justice (DoJ) and a leniency agreement with the MPF, the Brazilian federal prosecutors. The terms of both DPAs have now expired. The Company
continues to co-operate with the Controller General, Brazil (CGU) under the terms of a two-year leniency agreement signed in October 2021
relating to the same historical matters. Certain authorities are investigating members of the Group for matters relating to misconduct in relation
to historical matters. The Group is responding appropriately. Action may be taken by further authorities against the Company or individuals. In
addition, the Group could still be affected by actions from other parties, including customers and customers’ financiers and the Company’s current
and former investors, including certain potential claims in respect of the Group’s historical ethics and compliance disclosures which have been
notified to the Company. The Directors are not currently aware of any matters that are likely to lead to a material financial loss over and above
the penalties imposed to date, but cannot anticipate all the possible actions that may be taken or their potential consequences.
Contingent liabilities exist in respect of guarantees provided by the Group in the ordinary course of business for product delivery, commitments
made for future service demand in respect of maintenance, repair and overhaul, and performance and reliability. The Group has, in the normal
course of business, entered into arrangements in respect of export ﬁnance, performance bonds, countertrade obligations and minor
miscellaneous items. Various Group undertakings are parties to legal actions and claims (including with tax authorities) which arise in the ordinary
course of business, some of which are for substantial amounts. As a consequence of the insolvency of an insurer as previously reported, the
Group is no longer fully insured against known and potential claims from employees who worked for certain of the Group’s UK based businesses
for a period prior to the acquisition of those businesses by the Group.
In connection with the sale of its products the Group will, on some occasions, provide financing support for its customers, generally in respect of
civil aircraft. The Group’s commitments relating to these financing arrangements are spread over many years, relate to a number of customers
and a broad product portfolio and are generally secured on the asset subject to the financing. These include commitments of $1.2bn (2021: $1.7bn)
(on a discounted basis) to provide facilities to enable customers to purchase aircraft (of which approximately $0.9bn could be called during 2023).
These facilities may only be used if the customer is unable to obtain financing elsewhere and are priced at a premium to the market rate. Significant
events impacting the international aircraft financing market, the failure by customers to meet their obligations under such financing agreements,
or inadequate provisions for customer financing liabilities may adversely affect the Group’s financial position.
The Group has responded appropriately to the Russia-Ukraine conflict to comply with international sanctions and export control regime, and also
to implement our business decision to exit from Russia. The Group could be subject to action by impacted customers and other contract parties.
While the outcome of the above matters cannot precisely be foreseen, the Directors do not expect any of these arrangements, legal actions or
claims, after allowing for provisions already made, to result in signiﬁcant loss to the Group.
25 Related party transactions
2022
£m
2021
£m
Sale of goods and services
1
5,074
3,548
Purchases of goods and services
1
(4,915)
(3,677)
Lease payments to joint ventures and associates
(163)
(225)
Guarantees of joint arrangements’ and associates’ borrowings
3
1
Guarantees of non
-
wholly owned subsidiaries’ borrowings
3
3
Dividends received from joint ventures and associates
73
27
Other income received from joint ventures and associates
2
3
1
Sales of goods and services to related parties and purchases of goods and services from related parties, including joint ventures and associates, are included at the average exchange rate,
consistent with the statutory income statement
Included in sales of goods and services to related parties are sales of spare engines amounting to £19m (2021: £157m). Profit recognised in the
year on such sales amounted to £50m (2021: £47m), including profit on current year sales and recognition of profit deferred on similar sales in
previous years. Cash receipts relating to the sale of spare engines amounted to £40m (2021: £181m).
The aggregated balances with joint ventures and the parent company are shown in notes 13 and 18. Transactions with Group pension schemes
are shown in note 21.
In the course of normal operations, related party transactions entered into by the Group have been contracted on an arms-length basis.
Key management personnel are deemed to be the Directors and members of the Executive Team (both described on page 40). Remuneration for
key management personnel is shown below:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Salaries and short
-
term benefits
17
19
Post
-
retirement schemes
–
–
Share
-
based payments
10
4
27
23
More detailed information regarding the Directors’ remuneration, shareholdings, pension entitlements, share options and other long-term
incentive plans is shown in the Directors’ Remuneration Report of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc on pages 77 to 95. The charge for share-based
payments above is based on when the award is charged to the income statement in accordance with IFRS 2 Share-Based Payment, rather than
when the shares vest, which is the basis used in the Directors’ Remuneration Report.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
110
26 Disposals, held for sale and discontinued operations
Disposals
On 13 September 2021, the Group signed an agreement with Equitix Investment Management Limited to dispose its 23.1% shareholding in AirTanker
Holdings Ltd for a cash consideration of £189m. In accordance with IFRS 5, the Group had classified £47m of the AirTanker assets as held for sale
at 31 December 2021. The sale completed on 9 February 2022 for a value of £189m. On disposal, the Group has recycled the Group's share of cash
flow hedge reserve through the income statement during the year.
On 27 September 2021, the Group signed an agreement for the sale of ITP Aero to Bain Capital for £1.3bn. In accordance with IFRS 5, at 31
December 2021, the Group had classified the net assets of the ITP Aero disposal group of £1.2bn as held for sale. The sale completed on 15
September 2022 for a value of £1.3bn. On disposal, the Group has recycled the Group's share of hedging reserve and the cumulative currency
translation reserve through the income statement during the year. In addition, as part of the disposal, costs have been recognised in loss on
disposal for continuing obligations (£157m), in particular where previous amounts were eliminated on consolidation in the Group's results. ITP
Aero was acquired in 2017 resulting in a gain on bargain purchase of £303m recognised in 2018. The consideration for the acquisition was settled
by issue of shares and the premium on the share issues, of £650m, recognised as merger reserve. As a result of the sale of ITP Aero for qualifying
consideration, the merger reserve arising has been realised in accumulated losses.
ITP Aero –
Total
subsidiaries
£m
Airtanker
£m
Total
£m
Proceeds
Cash consideration at prevailing exchange rate
1,387
189
1,576
Impact of deal
contingent forward
(52)
–
(52)
Cash consideration at effective hedged rate
1,335
189
1,524
Cash and cash equivalents disposed
(60)
–
(60)
Net cash consideration
1,275
189
1,464
Intangible assets
912
–
912
Property, plant and
equipment
338
–
338
Right
-
of
-
use assets
13
–
13
Investments
1
34
35
Deferred tax assets
57
–
57
Inventory
283
–
283
Trade receivables and other assets
1
768
14
782
Borrowings and l
ease liabilities
(53)
–
(53)
Trade payables and
other liabilities
1
(
1,148
)
–
(1,148)
Provisions for liabilities and charges
(22)
–
(22)
Less: Net assets disposed
1,149
48
1,197
Profit on disposal before disposal costs and
accounting adjustments
126
141
267
Disposal costs
(3
3
)
(3)
(
36
)
De
-
recognition of
NCI
(1)
–
(1)
Cumulative current translation loss
(65)
–
(65)
Cumulative hedg
ing
reserve
s
loss
(49)
(62)
(111)
Impact of disposal on consolidated position of onerous contracts
2
(157)
–
(157)
(Loss)/p
rofit before taxation
(179)
76
(103)
Tax on disposal
31
–
31
(Loss)/profit on disposal of business after taxation
(148)
7
6
(7
2
)
1
As at 15 September 2022, trading balances that ITP Aero held with other group undertakings, that were previously eliminated on consolidation, have been reclassified as external balances and
are included in the net assets disposed
2
Reflects increased future costs in Civil Aerospace in respect of amounts charged by ITP Aero that were previously eliminated on consolidation. These future costs relate to onerous contract
provisions and have therefore crystallised on disposal as a result of the ongoing trading with ITP Aero no longer being classified as intra-group
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
111
26 Disposals, held for sale and discontinued operations continued
Reconciliation of profit on disposal of businesses in continuing operations to the income statement:
Total
£m
Profit
before taxation
on disposal (see above)
76
Adjustment to consideration on disposals completed in prior periods
5
Profit
on disposal of businesses per income statement
81
Reconciliation of cash flow on disposal of businesses to the cash flow statement:
Total
£m
Proceeds on disposal (see above)
1,464
Disposal costs paid
(45)
Cash outflow on disposals completed in prior periods
(21)
Cash flow on disposal of businesses per cash flow statement
1,398
Discontinued operations
ITP Aero represents a separate major line of business and was classified as a disposal group held for sale up to the date of disposal. Therefore,
in line with IFRS 5, the financial results of ITP Aero up to disposal have been classified as a discontinued operation.
The financial performance and cash flow information presented reflects the operations for the year that have been classified as discontinued
operations.
2022
2021
£m
£m
Revenue
275
365
Operating
profit/(loss)
1
86
(4)
Profit
before
taxation
1
78
2
Income tax
(charge)/credit
1
(10)
34
Profit
for
the year
from discontinued operations on ordinary activities
68
36
Costs of disposal of discontinued operations
2
–
(39)
Loss on disposal of
discontinued operations (see above)
(148)
–
Loss
for the year
from discontinued operations
(80)
(3)
Net cash
inflow
from operating activities
2
85
12
Net cash
outflow
from investing activities
2
(
6
7)
(32)
Net cash
outflow
from
financing activities
(25)
(25)
Exchange gain
–
4
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
(7)
(41)
1
Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations on ordinary activities is presented net of intercompany trading eliminations and related consolidation adjustments
2
Cash flows from investing activities include £42m (2021: cash flows from operating activities include £39m) costs of disposal paid during the year to 31 December 2022 that are not a movement
in the cash balance of the disposal group as they were borne centrally
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
112
27 Derivation of summary funds flow statement
Reconciliation of profit/(loss) on disposal of businesses in continuing operations to the income statement:
2022
2021
Cash flow
Impact of
hedge book
Impact of
acquisition
accounting
Impact of
other non-
underlying
items
Funds
flow
Funds
flow
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Operating profit
837
(264)
58
2
1
65
2
414
Operating profit/(loss) from discontinued
operations
86
–
–
–
86
(43)
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment
1,076
–
(58)
(65)
953
971
Movement in
p
rovisions
(197)
91
–
83
(23)
(136)
Movement in Civil LTSA balance
1,158
(366)
–
–
792
66
Loss on
disposal of property, plant and equipment
18
–
–
–
18
9
Joint venture trading
25
–
–
–
25
(18)
Interest received
36
–
–
–
36
9
Contributions to defined benefit schemes in excess of underlying
operating profit charge
(54)
–
–
22
(32)
(92)
Share
-
based payments
4
8
–
–
–
4
8
28
Other
–
(53)
–
–
(53)
(26)
Cash flow before working capital and taxation
3,03
3
(592)
–
6
1
2,50
2
1,182
Increase in inventories
(887)
–
–
–
(887)
(169)
Movement in
trade receivables/payables and other assets/liabilities
(3
88
)
(348)
–
(19)
(7
55
)
(46
8
)
Movement in contract assets/liabilities (excluding Civil LTSA)
595
297
–
–
892
(289)
Revaluation of trading assets (excluding exceptional items)
1
(407)
(114)
–
–
(521)
32
Realised derivatives in financing
1
737
–
–
–
737
85
Cash flows on other financial assets and liabilities held for operating
purposes
(
660
)
737
–
–
77
(85)
Income tax
(174)
–
–
–
(174)
(185)
Cash
from operating activities
1,84
9
(20)
–
4
2
1,8
7
1
10
3
Capital element of lease payments
(218)
20
–
–
(198)
(374)
Capital expenditure and investment
(512)
–
–
36
(476)
(426)
Interest paid
(352)
–
–
–
(352)
(331)
Settlement of excess derivatives
(326)
–
–
–
(326)
(452)
Other (M&A, restructuring and financial penalties paid)
49
–
–
(78)
(29)
39
Free cash flow
4
90
–
–
–
4
9
0
(1,44
1
)
-
of which is continuing operations
50
4
50
4
(
1
,
48
4
)
1
Included in working capital
The comparative information to 31 December 2021 has been presented in a different format to align to the current year presentation. In some
instances, the groupings of items may have changed. All comparative figures remain unchanged versus those reported in the 2021 Annual Report.
Free cash flow is a measure of financial performance of the business’ cash flow to see what is available for distribution among those stakeholders
funding the business (including debt holders and shareholders). Free cash flow is calculated as trading cash flow less recurring tax and
post-employment benefit expenses. It excludes amounts spent (or received) on business acquisitions or disposals, financial penalties paid, foreign
exchange changes on net funds and movements on balances with the parent company. The Board considers that free cash flow reflects cash
generated from the Group’s underlying trading.
Cash flow from operating activities is determined to be the nearest statutory measure to free cash flow. The reconciliation between free cash flow
and cash flow from operating activities can be found on page 160.
Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
113
COMPANY BALANCE SHEET
As at 31 December 2022
202
2
2021
Notes
£m
£m
ASSETS
Intangible assets
3
2,154
2,148
Property, plant and equipment
4
1,673
1,782
Right
-
of
-
use assets
5
138
163
Investments
-
subsidiary undertakings
6
1,453
1,442
Investments
-
joint ventures and associates
6
26
8
Investments
-
o
ther
6
35
34
Loan receivable from subsidiary undertaking
6
1,774
1,866
Other financial assets
14
522
347
Deferred tax assets
1
6
1,990
1,562
Post
-
retirement schemes surpluses
1
7
594
1,118
Non
-
current assets
10,359
10,470
Inventories
7
2,086
1,729
Trade receivables and other assets
8
7,969
6,693
Contract assets
9
1,057
1,081
Taxation recoverable
2
2
Other financial assets
1
4
261
97
Cash and cash equivalents
10
1,917
2,047
Current assets
13,292
11,649
Assets held for sale
–
730
TOTAL ASSETS
23,651
22,849
LIABILITIES
Borrowings and lease liabilities
1
1
(39)
(34)
Other financial liabilities
1
4
(997)
(662)
Trade payables and other liabilities
1
3
(10,456)
(9,385)
Contract liabilities
9
(3,388)
(2,289)
Current tax liabilities
(2)
(4)
Provisions for liabilities and charges
1
5
(352)
(204)
Current liabilities
(15,234)
(12,578)
Borrowings and lease liabilities
1
1
(4,249)
(6,183)
Other financial liabilities
1
4
(3,232)
(2,729)
Trade payables and other liabilities
1
3
(2,205)
(1,479)
Contract liabilities
9
(5,153)
(4,939)
Deferred tax liabilities
1
6
(208)
(391)
Provisions for liabilities and charges
1
5
(1,466)
(961)
Non
-
current liabilities
(16,513)
(16,682)
TOTAL LIABILITIES
(31,747)
(29,260)
NET LIABILITIES
(8,096)
(6,411)
EQUITY
Called
-
up share capital
18
338
338
Share premium
631
631
Merger reserve
–
650
Other
reserves
199
186
Accumulated losses
(9,264)
(8,216)
TOTAL EQUITY
(8,096)
(6,411)
(Loss)/profit
for
the year
(633)
54
The Company has elected to take the exemption under section 408 of the Companies Act 2006 from presenting the parent company income
statement.
The Financial Statements on pages 113 to 139 were approved by the Board on 23 February 2023 and signed on its behalf by:
Tufan Erginbilgic Panos Kakoullis
Chief Executive Chief Financial Officer
Company’s registered number: 01003142
Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
114
COMPANY STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE IN COME
For the year ended 31 December 2022
202
2
2021
Notes
£m
£m
(Loss)/profit
for the year
(633)
54
Other comprehensive
(expense)/
income (OCI)
Actuarial movement in post
-
retirement schemes
17
(544)
115
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
6
(4)
(2)
Related tax
movements
190
(40)
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
(358)
73
Movement on fair values
credited
to hedging reserves
76
3
Reclassified to income statement from cash flow hedge reserve
1
(72)
35
Costs of hedging
10
–
Foreign exchange
translation differences
on foreign operations
3
–
Related tax movements
(4)
(10)
Items that will be reclassified to profit or
loss
13
28
Total other comprehensive
(expense)/income
(345)
101
Total comprehensive
(expense)/income
for the year
(978)
155
1
Includes £(52)m loss on the deal contingent forward reclassified to loss on disposal in the same period as the hedged cash flow proceeds
COMPANY STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
For the year ended 31 December 2022
Non-distributable reserves
Share
capital
Share
premium
Merger
reserves
Other
reserves
¹
Accumulated
losses
Total equity
Note £m £m £m £m £m £m
At 1 January 202
1
338
631
650
158
(8,376)
(6,599)
Profit for the year
–
–
–
–
54
54
Actuarial movement in post
-
retirement schemes
17
–
–
–
–
115
115
Reclassified to income statement from cash flow hedge
reserve
–
–
–
35
–
35
Fair value on movement on cash flow hedges
–
–
–
3
–
3
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
–
–
–
–
(2)
(2)
Related tax movements
–
–
–
(10)
(40)
(50)
Total comprehensive income for the year
–
–
–
28
127
155
Share
-
based payments
–
direct to equity
2
–
–
–
–
16
16
Related tax movements
–
–
–
–
17
17
Other changes in equity in the year
–
–
–
–
33
33
At 31 December 2021 as previously reported
338
631
650
186
(8,216)
(6,411)
Adoption of
amendments to IAS 37 (post
-
tax)
–
–
–
–
(747)
(747)
At 1 January 2022
338
631
650
186
(8,
963
)
(
7,158
)
Loss
for the year
–
–
–
–
(633)
(633)
Actuarial movement in post
-
retirement schemes
17
–
–
–
–
(544)
(544)
Reclassified to income statement from cash flow hedge
reserve
–
–
–
(72)
–
(72)
Fair value on movement on cash flow hedges
–
–
–
76
–
76
Revaluation to fair value of other investments
6
–
–
–
–
(4)
(4)
Costs of hedging
–
–
–
10
–
10
Foreign exchange translation differences on foreign
operations
–
–
–
3
–
3
Related tax movements
–
–
–
(4)
190
186
Total comprehensive
income/(expense)
for the year
–
–
–
13
(991)
(978)
Share
-
based payments
–
direct to equity
2
19
–
–
–
–
39
39
Transfer to realised profit
3
–
–
(650)
–
650
–
Related tax movements
–
–
–
–
1
1
Other changes in equity in the year
–
–
(650)
–
690
40
At 31 December 202
2
338
631
–
199
(9,264)
(8,096)
1
Other reserves includes a translational reserve of £7m (2021: £4m) and £159m (2021: £159m) relating to the premium which arose on shares issued on a 1989 acquisition. This also includes the
cash flow hedge reserve of £30m and the cost of hedging reserve of £nil. During the year, costs of hedging of £10m were recognised and reclassified to the income statement
2
Share-based payments ‒ direct to equity is the share-based payment charge for the year less the actual cost of vesting excluding those vesting own shares and cash received on share-based
schemes vesting
3
On disposal of ITP Aero on 15 September 2022, consideration of £1,335m was received resulting in a profit on disposal of £673m. The premium recognised on issue of shares for the previous
acquisition became realised on receipt of qualifying consideration. As such, the total merger reserve has been transferred to accumulated losses
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
115
1 Accounting policies
The Company
Rolls-Royce plc (the ‘Company’) is a public company limited by shares incorporated under the Companies Act 2006 and domiciled in England in
the United Kingdom. The Company’s registered number is 01003142 and its registered address is at Kings Place, 90 York Way, London, N1 9FX,
United Kingdom.
Basis of preparation
In preparing these financial statements, the Company applies the recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards as adopted by the UK (UK-adopted international accounting standards), but makes amendments where necessary in order
to comply with the Companies Act 2006 and to take advantage of FRS 101 disclosure exemptions:
– a cash flow statement and related notes;
– IFRS 2 Share Based Payment in respect of group settled share-based payments;
– in respect of transactions with wholly owned subsidiaries;
– IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures;
– the requirements of paragraphs 30 and 31 of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors;
– IAS 8 disclosure in respect of new standards and interpretations issued but not yet effective;
– comparative period reconciliations for share capital, investments, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and additional comparative
information as required by IAS 1; and
– in respect of the compensation of key management personnel.
The accounting policies set out below have, unless otherwise stated, been applied consistently to all periods presented in these Financial Statements.
The Financial Statements are presented in sterling, which is the Company’s functional currency.
As permitted by Section 408 of the Companies Act 2006, a separate income statement for the Company has not been included in these Financial
Statements. As permitted by the audit fee disclosure regulations, the disclosure of non-audit fees information is not included in respect of the Company.
These Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis. Further details are given in the Going Concern Statement on page 34.
After due consideration, the Directors consider that the Company has sufficient liquidity to continue in operational existence for a period of at
least 18 months from the date of this report and are therefore satisfied that it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in
preparing the Financial Statements.
In preparing the Company Financial Statements, the Directors have considered the potential impact of climate change, please see pages 52 to 54
for further details.
Revision to IFRS applicable in 2022
The Company adopted the amendment to IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets for Onerous Contracts – Cost of Fulfilling a
Contract on 1 January 2022. The amendment clarifies the meaning of ‘costs to fulfil a contract’, explaining that the direct cost of fulfilling a contract
comprises the incremental costs of fulfilling that contract (for example, direct labour and materials) and also an allocation of other costs that relate
directly to fulfilling contracts. As a result of the amendment, the Company now includes additional allocated costs when determining whether a
contract is onerous and in the quantification of the provision recognised in the event of a contract being onerous. These primarily relate to (a) fixed
overheads in our operational areas that are incurred irrespective of manufacturing load, (b) fixed overheads of providing services including engine
health monitoring and IT costs, and (c) depreciation of spare engines that the Company owns that are used to support the delivery of our contractual
commitments to customers under LTSAs. The Company has assessed the impact of this amendment on its contracts and has included additional
allocated costs that increased the total contract loss provision by £747m as at 1 January 2022 (see note 15). All material elements impact Civil Aerospace
contracts. Of this increase, £39m relate to current provisions and £708m to non-current provisions. A tax credit has not been recognised on the
increase in the provision relating to the UK (see note 16 for details). As required by the transition arrangement in relation to the amendment,
comparative information has not been restated. The cumulative effect of initially applying the amendment has been recognised as an adjustment to
the opening balance of retained earnings as at 1 January 2022. It is estimated that the impact of the IAS 37 amendment has had a favourable immaterial
impact on the 2022 income statement.
There are no other new standards or interpretations issued by the IASB that are effective for the year ended 31 December 2022.
Significant accounting policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are set out below. These accounting policies have been applied consistently to all periods
presented in these Financial Statements.
Key areas of judgement and sources of estimation uncertainty are disclosed on page 55 and further details, together with sensitivities, are included
within the significant accounting policies section where applicable.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
116
1 Accounting policies continued
Revenue recognition and contract assets and liabilities
Revenue recognised comprises sales to the Company’s customers after discounts and amounts payable to customers. Revenue excludes value
added taxes. The transaction price of a contract is typically clearly stated within the contract, although the absolute amount may be dependent
on escalation indices and long-term contracts rely on the key estimates highlighted below. Refund liabilities where sales are made with a right of
return are not typical in the Company’s contracts. Where they do exist, and consideration has been received, a portion, based on an assessment
of the expected refund liability is recognised within other payables. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient not to adjust revenue
for the effect of financing components, where the expectation is that the period between the transfer of goods and services to customers and
the receipt of payment is less than a year. Consideration is received in the form of deposits and payments for completion of milestones or
performance obligations. Long-term service agreement (LTSA) cash receipts are typically received based on EFHs.
Sales of standard OE, spare parts and time and material overhaul services are generally recognised on transfer of control to the customer. This is
generally on delivery to the customer unless the specific contractual terms indicate a different point. The Directors consider whether there is a
need to constrain the amount of revenue to be recognised on delivery based on the contractual position and any relevant facts, however, this is
not typically required.
Sales of OE and services that are specifically designed for the contract (most significantly in the Defence business) are recognised by reference
to the progress towards completion of the performance obligation, using the cost method described in the key judgements, provided the outcome
of contracts can be assessed with reasonable certainty.
The Company generates a significant portion of its revenue and profit on aftermarket arrangements arising from the installed OE fleet. As a
consequence, in particular in the Civil Aerospace large engine business, the Company will often agree contractual prices for OE deliveries that
take into account the anticipated aftermarket arrangements. Sometimes this may result in losses being incurred on OE. As described in the key
judgements, these contracts are not combined. The consideration in the OE contract is therefore allocated to OE performance obligations and
the consideration in the aftermarket contract to aftermarket performance obligations.
Key areas of accounting policy are:
– Future variable revenue from long-term contracts is constrained to take account of the risk of non-recovery of resulting contract balances
from reduced utilisation e.g. EFHs, based on historical forecasting experience and the risk of aircraft being parked by the customer.
– A significant amount of revenue and cost related to long-term contract accounting is denominated in currencies other than that of the
Company, most significantly USD transactions in sterling. These are translated at estimated long-term exchange rates.
– A contract asset/liability is recognised where payment is received in arrears/advance of the costs incurred to meet performance obligations.
– Where material wastage costs (see key judgements below) are recorded as an exceptional expense.
If the expected costs to fulfil a contract exceed the expected revenue, a contract loss provision is recognised for the excess costs.
The Company pays participation fees to airframe manufacturers, its customers for OE, on certain programmes. Amounts paid are initially treated
as contract assets and subsequently charged as a reduction to the OE revenue when the engines are transferred to the customer.
The Company has elected to use the practical expedient to expense as incurred any incremental costs of obtaining or fulfilling a contract if the
amortisation period of an asset created would have been one year or less. Where costs to obtain a contract are recognised in the balance sheet,
they are amortised over the performance of the related contract (one to eight years).
Key judgement – Whether Civil Aerospace OE and aftermarket contracts should be combined
In the Civil Aerospace business, OE contracts for the sale of engines to be installed on new aircraft are with the airframers, while the contracts
to provide spare engines and aftermarket goods and services are with the aircraft operators, although there may be interdependencies
between them. IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers includes guidance on the combination of contracts, in particular that contracts
with unrelated parties should not be combined. Notwithstanding the interdependencies, the Directors consider that the engine contract should
be considered separately from the aftermarket contract. In making this judgement, they also took account of industry practice.
Key judgement – How performance on long-term aftermarket contracts should be measured
The Company generates a significant proportion of its revenue from aftermarket arrangements. These aftermarket contracts, such as TotalCare
and CorporateCare agreements in the Civil Aerospace business, cover a range of services and generally have contractual terms covering
more than one year. Under these contracts, the Company’s primary obligation is to maintain customers’ engines in an operational condition.
This is achieved by undertaking various activities, such as maintenance, repair and overhaul, and engine monitoring over the period of the
contract. Revenue on these contracts is recognised over the period of the contract and the basis for measuring progress is a matter of
judgement. The Directors consider that the stage of completion of the contract is best measured by using the actual costs incurred to date
compared to the estimated costs to complete the performance obligations, as this reflects the extent of completion of the activities to be
performed.
Key judgement – Whether any costs should be treated as wastage
In rare circumstances, the Company may incur costs of wasted material, labour or other resources to fulfil a contract where the level of cost
was not reflected in the contract price. The identification of such costs is a matter of judgement and would only be expected to arise where
there has been a series of abnormal events which give rise to a significant level of cost of a nature that the Company would not expect to incur
and hence is not reflected in the contract price. Examples include technical issues that: require resolution to meet regulatory requirements;
have a wide-ranging impact across a product type; and cause significant operational disruption to customers. Similarly, in these rare
circumstances, significant disruption costs to support customers resulting from the actual performance of a delivered good or service may be
treated as a wastage cost. Provision is made for any costs identified as wastage when the obligation to incur them arises – see note 15.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
117
1 Accounting policies continued
Revenue recognition (continued)
Key judgement – When revenue should be recognised in relation to spare engine sales
Revenue is recognised at the point in time when a customer obtains control of a spare engine. The customer could be a related party, an
external operator or a spare engine service provider. Depending on the contractual arrangements, judgement is required on when the
Company relinquishes control of spare engines and, therefore, when the revenue is recognised. The point of control passing has been
concluded to correspond to the point of legal sale, even for instances where the customer is contracted to provide some future spare engine
capacity to the Company to support its installed engine base. In such cases, the customer has responsibility for generating revenue from the
engines and exposure to periods of non-utilisation; exposure to risk of damage or loss, risk from residual value movements, and will determine
if and when profits will be made from disposal. The spare engine capacity that will be made available to the Company in the future does not
consist of identified assets and the provider retains a substantive right to substitute the asset through the Company’s period of use. It is,
therefore, appropriate to recognise revenue from the sale of the spare engines at the point that title transfers. During 2022, of the total 44
large spare engine sales delivered (2021: 36), 20 (2021: six) engines were sold to customers where contractual arrangement allows for some
future spare engine capacity to be used by the Company. These sales contributed £454m (2021: £111m) to revenue for the year.
Key estimate – Estimates of future revenues and costs on long-term contractual arrangements
The Company has long-term contracts that fall into different accounting periods and which can extend over significant periods (generally up
to 25 years). The most significant of these are LTSAs in the Civil Aerospace business with an average remaining term of around ten years. The
estimated revenue and costs are inherently imprecise and significant estimates are required to assess: EFH’s, time-on-wing and other operating
parameters; the pattern of future maintenance activity and the costs to be incurred; lifecycle cost improvements over the term of the contracts;
and escalation of revenue and costs. The impact of climate change on EFH and costs is also considered when making these estimates. Industry
and customer data on expected levels of utilisation is included in the forecasts used. Across the length of the current Civil LTSA contracts,
allowance has been made for around a 1% (2021: 1%) projected cost increase resulting from carbon pricing and commodity price changes.
The sensitivities below demonstrate how changes in assumptions (including as a result of climate change) could impact the level of revenue
recognised were assumptions to change. The Directors believe that the estimates used to prepare the financial statements take account of the
inherent uncertainties, constraining the expected level of revenue as appropriate.
Estimates of future LTSA revenue within Civil Aerospace are based upon future EFH forecasts, influenced by assumptions over the recovery
of the civil aviation industry. Finally, many of the revenues and costs are denominated in currencies other than that of the Company. These
are translated at an estimated long-term exchange rate, based on historical trends and economic forecasts.
During the year, changes to the estimate in relation to the Civil Aerospace LTSA contracts resulted in catch-up adjustments to revenue of
£170m (2021: £(80)m).
Based upon the stage of completion of all LTSA contracts within Civil Aerospace as at 31 December 2022, the following reasonably possible
changes in estimates would result in catch-up adjustments being recognised in the period in which the estimates change (at underlying rates):
– A change in forecast EFHs of 1% over the remaining term of the contracts would impact LTSA income and to a lesser extent costs, resulting
in a catch-up adjustment of around £8m. This would be expected to be seen as a change in revenue with a modest proportion relating to
onerous contracts which would be reported within cost of sales.
– A 2% increase or decrease in our pricing to customers over the life of the contracts would lead to a revenue catch-up adjustment in the
next 12 months of around £228m.
– A 2% increase or decrease in shop visit costs over the life of the contracts would lead to a revenue catch-up adjustment in the next 12
months of around £70m.
Risk and revenue sharing arrangements (RRSAs)
Cash entry fees received are initially deferred on the balance sheet within trade payables and other liabilities. They are then recognised as a
reduction in cost of sales incurred. Individual programme amounts are allocated pro rata to the estimated number of units to be produced.
Amortisation commences as each unit is delivered and then recognised on a 15-year straight-line basis.
The payments to suppliers for their shares of the programme cash flows for their production components are charged to cost of sales when OE
sales are recognised or as LTSA costs are incurred.
The Company also has arrangements with third parties who invest in a programme and receive a return based on its performance, but do not
undertake development work or supply parts. Such arrangements (financial RRSAs) are financial instruments as defined by IAS 32 Financial
Instruments: Presentation and are accounted for using the amortised cost method.
Key judgement – Determination of the nature of entry fees received
RRSAs with key suppliers (workshare partners) are a feature of the civil aviation industry business. Under these contractual arrangements, the
key commercial objectives are that: (i) during the development phase the workshare partner shares in the risks of developing an engine by
performing its own development work, providing development parts and paying a non-refundable cash entry fee; and (ii) during the production
phase it supplies components in return for a share of the programme cash flows as a ‘life of type’ supplier (i.e. as long as the engine remains
in service).
The non-refundable cash entry fee is judged by the Company to be a contribution towards the development expenditure incurred. These
receipts are deferred on the balance sheet and recognised against the cost of sales over the estimated number of units to be delivered on a
similar basis to the amortisation of development costs – see page 120.
Royalty payments
Where a government or similar body has previously acquired an interest in the intellectual property of a programme, royalty payments are
matched to the related sales.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
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1 Accounting policies continued
Government grants
Government grants received are varied in nature and are recognised in the income statement so as to match them with the related expenses that
they are intended to compensate. Where grants are received in advance of the related expenses, they are initially recognised as liabilities within
trade payables and other liabilities and released to match the related expenditure. Non-monetary grants are recognised at fair value.
Interest
Interest receivable/payable is credited/charged to the income statement using the effective interest method. Where borrowing costs are
attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset, such costs are capitalised as part of the specific asset.
Taxation
The tax charge/credit on the profit or loss for the year comprises current and deferred tax:
– Current tax is the expected tax payable for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date, and any
adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.
– Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet liability method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the
assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for tax purposes and is calculated using the enacted or
substantively enacted rates that are expected to apply when the asset or liability is settled. The deferred tax liability on the pension scheme
surplus is recognised consistently with the basis for recognising the rate applicable to refunds from a trust.
Tax is charged or credited in the income statement or OCI as appropriate, except when it relates to items credited or charged directly to equity
in which case the tax is also dealt with in equity.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and joint arrangements, except
where the Company is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse
in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is not recognised on taxable temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of assets and
liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit.
Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits, which include the reversal of taxable temporary
differences, will be available against which the assets can be utilised. Further details on the Company’s tax position can be found on pages 133 to 134.
Key estimate – Estimates necessary to assess whether it is probable that sufficient suitable taxable profits will arise in the UK to utilise the
deferred tax assets
Deferred tax assets are only recognised to the extent it is probable that future taxable profits will be available, against which the deductible
temporary difference can be utilised. On this basis a deferred tax asset of £2,023m is not recognised in respect of UK tax losses. Further details
are included in note 16.
In addition to taking into account a severe but plausible downside forecast (see below), the climate-related estimates and assumptions (set out
on pages 52 to 54) have also been considered when assessing the recoverability of the deferred tax assets. Recognising the longer terms over
which these assets will be recovered, the Company has considered the risk that regulatory changes could materially impact demand for our
products and shifting investment focus towards more sustainable products and solutions. The climate scenarios prepared do not indicate a
significant deterioration in demand or profitability for Civil Aerospace programmes given that all commercial aero-engines will be compatible
with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023.
While carbon and commodity pricing may put pressure on costs, decarbonisation and new supplier and customer contracts offer the
opportunity to receive value for more efficient and sustainable products.
Macro-economic factors continue to result in uncertainty over the recovery of demand across the civil aviation industry. As explained in note 16,
a 25% probability of there being a severe but plausible downside forecast in relation to the civil aviation industry has been taken into account in
the assessment of the recovery of the UK deferred tax assets.
The estimates take account of the inherent uncertainties constraining the expected level of profit as appropriate. Changes in these estimates
will affect future profits and therefore the recoverability of deferred tax assets. The following sensitivities have been modelled to demonstrate
the impact of changes in assumptions on the recoverability of deferred tax assets.
– A 5% change in margin in the main Civil Aerospace large engine programmes.
– A 5% change in the number of shop visits driven by EFHs.
– Assumed future cost increases from climate change expected to pass through to customers at 100%, are restricted to 90% pass through.
All of these could be driven by a number of factors, including the impact of climate change as explained on pages 52 to 54 and changes in
foreign exchange rates.
A 5% change in margin or shop visits (which could be driven by fewer EFHs as a result of climate change) would result in an increase/decrease
in the deferred tax asset of around £130m.
If only 90% of assumed future cost increases from climate changes are passed on to customers, this would result in a decrease in the deferred
tax asset of around £50m, and if carbon prices were to double, this would be £80m.
Foreign currency translation
Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the Company are translated into the functional currency at the
average monthly exchange rate when the transaction occurs. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated
into sterling at the rate prevailing at the year end. Exchange differences arising on foreign exchange transactions and the retranslation of assets
and liabilities into sterling at the rate prevailing at the year-end are included in profit/(loss) before taxation.
The trading results of the Company are translated into sterling at the average exchange rates for the year. The assets and liabilities of foreign
operations are translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the year end. Exchange adjustments arising from the retranslation of the opening
net assets, and from the translation of the profits or losses at average rates, are recognised in OCI.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
119
1 Accounting policies continued
Financial instruments – Classification and measurement
Financial assets primarily include trade receivables, cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, derivatives (foreign exchange, commodity
and interest rate contracts), and listed and unlisted investments.
– Trade receivables are classified either as held to collect and measured at amortised cost or as held to collect and sell and measured at fair
value, with movements in fair value recognised through other comprehensive income (FVOCI).
– Cash and cash equivalents (consisting of balances with banks and other financial institutions, money-market funds and short-term deposits)
and short-term investments are subject to low market risk. Cash balances, short-term deposits and short-term investments are measured at
amortised cost. Money market funds are measured at fair value, with movements in fair value recognised in the income statement as a profit
or loss (FVPL).
– Derivatives and other investments are measured at FVPL. The Company elected to measure its listed investment at FVOCI.
Financial liabilities primarily consist of trade payables, borrowings, derivatives, and financial RRSAs.
– Derivatives are classified and measured at FVPL.
– All other financial liabilities are classified and measured at amortised cost.
Financial instruments – Impairment of financial assets and contract assets
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments sets out the basis for the accounting of ECLs on financial assets and contract assets resulting from transactions
within the scope of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company has adopted the simplified approach to provide for ECLs,
measuring the loss allowance at a probability weighted amount that considers reasonable and supportable information about past events, current
conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions of customers. These are incorporated in the simplified model adopted by using credit
ratings which are publicly available or through internal risk assessments derived using customer’s latest available financial information. The ECLs
are updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition. ECLs are calculated for all financial assets in scope,
regardless of whether or not they are overdue.
Financial instruments – Hedge accounting
Forward foreign exchange contracts and commodity swaps (derivative financial instruments) are held to manage the cash flow exposures of
forecast transactions denominated in foreign currencies or in commodities respectively. Derivative financial instruments qualify for hedge
accounting when: (i) there is a formal designation and documentation of the hedging relationship and the Company’s risk management objective
and strategy for undertaking the hedge at the inception of the hedge; and (ii) the hedge is expected to be effective.
In general, the Company has chosen to not apply hedge accounting in respect of these exposures.
The Company economically hedges the fair value and cash flow exposures of its borrowings. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are held to
manage the fair value or cash flow exposures of borrowings denominated in foreign currencies and are designated as fair value hedges or cash
flow hedges as appropriate. Interest rate swaps are held to manage the interest rate exposures of fixed and floating rate borrowings and may be
designated as fair value hedges or cash flow hedges as appropriate.
Changes in the fair values of derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges are recognised directly in the income statement. The fair value
changes of effective cash flow hedge derivatives are recognised in OCI and subsequently recycled in the income statement in the same period
or periods during which the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss. Any ineffectiveness in the hedging relationships is included in the income
statement.
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge
accounting. At that time, for cash flow hedges and, if the forecast transaction remains probable, any net cumulative gain or loss on the hedging
instrument recognised in SOCIE is retained until the forecast transaction occurs. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net
cumulative gain or loss is recycled to the income statement.
Financial instruments – Replacement of benchmark interest rates
In August 2020, Phase 2 of IBOR reform was published, effective from 1 January 2021. The amendments address issues that arise from the
implementation of the reforms including the replacement of one benchmark with an alternative one. The Phase 2 amendments provide additional
temporary reliefs from applying specific IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments hedge
accounting requirements to hedging relationships directly affected by IBOR reform.
A number of the Company’s lease liabilities are based on a LIBOR index. These are predominantly referencing USD LIBOR which is not expected
to cease until 2023, hence the change in relation to these contracts has not impacted the 2022 financial statements. Amendments to these
contracts is in progress at the balance sheet date.
Certification costs
Costs incurred, in respect of meeting regulatory certification requirements for new Civil Aerospace aero-engine/aircraft combinations, including
payments made to airframe manufacturers for this, are recognised as intangible assets to the extent that they can be recovered out of future
sales. They are charged to the income statement over the programme life. Individual programme assets are allocated pro-rata to the estimated
number of units to be produced. Amortisation commences as each unit is delivered and then charged on a 15-year straight-line basis.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
120
1 Accounting policies continued
Research and development
Expenditure incurred on research and development is distinguished as relating either to a research phase or to a development phase. All research
phase expenditure is charged to the income statement. Development expenditure is recognised as an internally generated intangible asset
(programme asset) only if it meets strict criteria, relating in particular to technical feasibility and generation of future economic benefits. More
specifically, development costs are capitalised from the point at which the following conditions have been met:
– the technical feasibility of completing the programme and the intention and ability (availability of technical, financial and other resources) to
complete the programme asset and use or sell it;
– the probability that future economic benefits will flow from the programme asset; and
– the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the programme asset during its development.
Capitalisation continues until the point at which the programme asset meets its originally contracted technical specification (defined internally as
the point at which the asset is capable of operating in the manner intended by the Directors).
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised where it enhances the functionality of the programme asset and demonstrably generates an enhanced
economic benefit to the Company. All other subsequent expenditure on programme assets is expensed as incurred.
Individual programme assets are allocated pro rata to the estimated number of units to be produced. Amortisation commences as each unit is
delivered and then charged on a 15-year straight-line basis. In accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets, the basis on which programme assets
are amortised is assessed annually.
Key judgement – Determination of the point in time where costs incurred on an internal programme development meet the criteria for
capitalisation
The Company incurs significant research and development expenditure in respect of various development programmes. Determining when
capitalisation should commence and cease is a critical judgement, as is the determination of when subsequent expenditure on the programme
assets should be capitalised. During the year, £120m of development expenditure was capitalised.
Within the Company there is an established Product Introduction and Lifecycle Management process (PILM), in place. Within this process, the
technical feasibility, the commercial viability and financial assessment of the programme is assessed at certain milestones. When these are met,
development expenditure is capitalised. Prior to this, expenditure is expensed as incurred.
The Company continues to invest in new technologies as a result of its decarbonisation commitments. As these are new technologies, there is
a higher level of uncertainty over potential outcomes and therefore, this could impact the level of expenditure that is capitalised or recognised
in the income statement in future years.
Subsequent expenditure after entry into service, which enhances the performance of the engine and the economic benefits to the Company
is capitalised. This expenditure is referred to as enhanced performance and is governed by the PILM process referred to above. All other
development costs are expensed as incurred.
Key judgement – Determination of the basis for amortising capitalised development costs
The economic benefits of the development costs are primarily those cash inflows arising from LTSAs, which are expected to be relatively
consistent for each engine within a programme. Amortisation of development costs is recognised on a straight-line basis over the period of
operation of the engine by its initial operator.
Software and other intangibles
Software that is not specific to an item of property, plant and equipment is classified as an intangible asset, recognised at its acquisition cost and
amortised on a straight-line basis over its useful economic life. The amortisation period of software assets is reviewed annually. In 2022 the
amortisation period has changed from a maximum of five years to a maximum of ten years to reflect the expected useful lives of the assets. This
change has been accounted for as a change in accounting estimate and has impacted a limited amount of assets with an immaterial impact on the
results for the year. The cost of internally developed software includes direct labour and an appropriate proportion of overheads.
Investment in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates
Investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are held at cost less accumulated depreciation.
Joint arrangements
The Company accounts for joint operations by consolidating their results on a proportional basis, rather than holding them at their investment
value.
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at acquisition cost less accumulated depreciation and any provision for impairment in value. The cost
of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials, direct labour and an appropriate proportion of overheads and, where appropriate,
interest.
Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis to write off the cost, less the estimated residual value, of property, plant and equipment over
their estimated useful lives. No depreciation is recorded on assets in the course of construction. Estimated useful lives are reassessed annually
and are as follows:
– Land and buildings, as advised by the Company’s professional advisors:
– freehold buildings – five to 40 years (average 26 years);
– no depreciation is provided on freehold land.
– Plant and equipment – five to 25 years (average 12 years).
– Aircraft and engines – five to 20 years (average 12 years).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
121
1 Accounting policies continued
Leases
Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis.
Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:
– fixed payments less any lease incentive receivable;
– variable lease payments that are based on an index or a rate;
– amounts expected to be payable by the Company under residual value guarantees;
– the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
– payments of penalties for termination of the lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising that option.
Where leases commence after the initial IFRS 16 Leases transition date, the lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the
lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the Company would have to pay
to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with similar terms and conditions. Where
appropriate, lease liabilities are revalued at each reporting date using the spot exchange rate.
The Company did not adopt the amendment to IFRS 16 Leases, effective in 2022, which provides a practical expedient to not treat COVID-19 rent
concessions as lease modifications.
Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:
– the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability or a revaluation of the liability;
– any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received;
– any initial direct costs; and
– restoration costs.
Each right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of its useful economic life and the lease term on a straight-line basis unless the lease is
expected to transfer ownership of the underlying asset to the Company, in which case the asset is depreciated to the end of the useful life of the
asset.
Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Payments associated with short-term leases and low value leases are recognised
on a straight-line basis as an expense in the income statement.
Key judgement – Determining the lease term
In determining the lease term, the Company considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension
option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination) are only included in the lease term if the lease is
reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). Certain land and building leases have renewal options with renewal dates for the most
significant property leases in 2025 and 2028. The Company reviews its judgements on lease terms annually, including the operational
significance of the site, especially where utilised for manufacturing activities.
Impairment of non-current assets
Impairment of non-current assets is considered in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. Where the asset does not generate cash flows
that are independent of other assets, impairment is considered for the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs. Intangible assets
not yet available for use are tested for impairment annually. Other intangible assets (including programme-related intangible assets), property,
plant and equipment and investments are assessed for any indications of impairment annually. If any indication of impairment is identified, an
impairment test is performed to estimate the recoverable amount.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be below the carrying value, the carrying value is reduced to the recoverable
amount and the impairment loss recognised as an expense. The recoverable amount is the higher of value in use or fair value less costs of disposal,
if this is readily available. The value in use is the present value of future cash flows using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the time value of
money and the risk specific to the asset (or CGU). The relevant local statutory tax rates has been applied in calculating post-tax to pre-tax discount
rates.
Inventories
Inventories are valued on a first-in, first-out basis, at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost comprises direct materials and, where
applicable, direct labour costs and those overheads, including depreciation of property, plant and equipment, that have been incurred in bringing
the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling prices less all estimated costs of
completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. All inventories are classified as current as it is expected that they will
be used in the Company’s operating cycle, regardless of whether this is expected to be within 12 months of the balance sheet date.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
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1 Accounting policies continued
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash at bank and in hand, investments in money-market funds and short-term deposits with a maturity of three
months or less on inception. Where the Company operates pooled banking arrangements across multiple accounts, these are presented on a net
basis when it has both a legal right and intention to settle the balances on a net basis.
The Company offers a supply chain financing (SCF) programme in partnership with banks to enable suppliers, including joint ventures, who are
on our standard 75 day or more payment terms to receive their payment sooner. The election to utilise the programme is the sole decision of the
supplier. As the Company continues to have a contractual obligation to pay its suppliers and it does not retain any ongoing involvement in the
SCF, the related payables are retained on the Company’s balance sheet and classified as trade payables. Further details are disclosed in note 13.
Provisions
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that the Company will be
required to settle that obligation and are discounted to present value where the effect is material.
The principal provisions are recognised as follows:
– Trent 1000 in-service issues when wastage costs are identified as described on page 113;
– contract losses based on an assessment of whether the direct costs to fulfil a contract are greater than the expected revenue;
– warranty and guarantees based on an assessment of future claims with reference to past experience and recognised at the earlier of when
the underlying products and services are sold and when the likelihood of a future cost is identified; and
– restructuring when the Company has approved a detailed and formal restructuring plan, and the restructuring has either commenced or
has created a valid expectation to those affected.
Key judgement – Whether any costs should be treated as wastage
As described further on page 116, in rare circumstances, the Company may incur costs of wasted material, labour or other resources to fulfil a
contract where the level of cost was not reflected in the contract price. The identification of such costs is a matter of judgement and would
only be expected to arise where there has been a series of abnormal events which give rise to a significant level of cost of a nature that the
Company would not expect to incur and hence is not reflected in the contract price. Provision is made for any costs identified as wastage
when the obligation to incur them arises.
Specifically for the Trent 1000 wastage costs, a provision has been made as the Company is an owner of an engine Type Certificate under
which it has a present obligation to develop appropriate design changes to address certain engine conditions that have been noted in issued
Airworthiness Directives. The Company is also required to ensure engine operators can continue to safely operate engines within the terms of
their LTSAs, and this requires the engines to be compliant with the requirements of those issued Airworthiness Directives. These requirements
cannot be met without the Company incurring significant costs in the form of replacement parts and customer claims. Given the significant
activities of the Company in designing and overhauling aero engines it is very experienced in making the required estimates in relation to the
number and timing of shop visits, parts costs, overhaul labour costs and customer claims.
Key estimates – Estimates of the time to resolve the technical issues on the Trent 1000, including the development of the modified HPT blade
and estimates of the expenditure required to settle the obligation relating to Trent 1000 claims and to settle Trent 1000 long-term contracts
assessed as onerous
The Company has provisions for Trent 1000 wastage costs at 31 December 2022 of £179m (2021: £157m). These represent the Directors’ best
estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligations at the balance sheet date. These estimates take account of information available
and different possible outcomes.
The Company considers that at 31 December 2022 the Trent 1000 contract loss provisions and the Trent 1000 wastage cost provision are most
sensitive to changes in estimates. A 12-month delay in the availability of the modified HPT blade could lead to around a £40-70m increase in
the Trent 1000 wastage costs provision.
Key estimates – Estimates of the future revenues and costs to fulfil onerous contracts
The Company has provisions for onerous contracts at 31 December 2022 of £1,544m (I January 2022: £1,646m).
An increase in Civil Aerospace large engine estimates of LTSA costs of 1% over the remaining term of the contracts could lead to around a
£100–125m increase in the provision for contract losses across all programmes.
Key estimates – Assumptions implicit in the calculation of discount rates
The contract loss provisions for onerous contracts are sensitive to changes in the discount rate used to value the provision. The rate used for
each contract is derived from bond yields (i.e. risk-free rates) with a similar duration and currency to the contract that they are applied to. The
rate is adjusted to reflect the specific inflation characteristics of the contract. The forecast rates are determined from third-party market
analysis and average 4%. A 1% change in the discount rate used could lead to around a £80-100m change in the provision.
Customer financing support
In connection with the sale of its products, the Company will, on occasion, provide financing support for its customers. These arrangements fall
into two categories: credit-based guarantees and asset-value guarantees. Credit-based guarantees are disclosed as commitments or contingent
liabilities dependent on whether aircraft have been delivered or not. The Company considers asset-value guarantees to be non-financial liabilities
and provides for amounts required. As described on page 139, the Directors consider the likelihood of crystallisation in assessing whether
provision is required for any contingent liabilities.
The Company’s contingent liabilities relating to financing arrangements are spread over many years and relate to a number of customers and a
broad product portfolio and are reported on a discounted basis.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
123
1 Accounting policies continued
Post-retirement benefits
Pensions and similar benefits are accounted for under IAS 19 Employee Benefits.
For defined benefit plans, obligations are measured at discounted present value whilst plan assets are recorded at fair value. Surpluses in schemes
are recognised as assets only if they represent economic benefits available to the Company in the future. Surpluses in schemes are recognised
as assets only if they represent economic benefits available to the Company in the future. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised immediately
in OCI. The service and financing costs of such plans are recognised separately in the income statement:
– current service costs are spread systematically over the lives of employees;
– past-service costs and settlements are recognised immediately; and
– financing costs are recognised in the periods in which they arise.
UK pension obligations include the estimated impact of the obligation to equalise defined benefit pensions and transfer values respectively for
men and women.
Payments to defined contribution schemes are charged as an expense as they fall due.
Key estimate – Estimates of the assumptions for valuing the defined benefit obligation
The Company’s defined benefit pension schemes and similar arrangements are assessed annually in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits.
The valuations, which are based on assumptions determined with independent actuarial advice, resulted in a net surplus of £594m before
deferred taxation being recognised on the balance sheet at 31 December 2022 (2021: surplus of £1,118m). The size of the net surplus/deficit is
sensitive to the actuarial assumptions, which include the discount rate, price inflation, pension and salary increases, longevity and, in the UK,
the number of plan members who take the option to transfer their pension to a lump sum on retirement or who choose to take the Bridging
Pension Option. Following consultation, the UK scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2020.
A reduction in the discount rate of 0.25% from 4.80% could lead to an increase in the defined benefit obligations of the RR UK Pension Fund
(RRUKPF) of approximately £205m. This would be expected to be broadly offset by changes in the value of scheme assets, as the scheme’s
investment policies are designed to mitigate this risk.
An increase in the assumed rate of inflation of 0.25% (RPI of 3.50% and CPI of 2.95%) could lead to an increase in the defined benefit obligations
of the RRUKPF of approximately £70m.
A one-year increase in life expectancy from 21.9 years (male aged 65) and from 23.2 years (male aged 45) would increase the defined benefit
obligations of the RR UK Pension Fund by approximately £215m.
Further details and sensitivities are included in note 17.
Share-based payments
The Company provides share-based payment arrangements to certain employees, which are settled in Rolls-Royce Holdings plc shares. These are
principally equity-settled arrangements and are measured at fair value (excluding the effect of non-market based vesting conditions) at the date of
grant. The fair value is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The amount recognised as an expense is adjusted to reflect the
actual number of shares or options that will vest, except where additional shares vest as a result of the total shareholder return (TSR) performance
condition in the long-term incentive plan (LTIP), where no adjustment is required as allowance for this is included in the initial fair value.
Post balance sheet events
The Company has taken the latest legal position in relation to any ongoing legal proceedings and reflected these in the 2022 results as
appropriate.
2 Emoluments of Directors
The total amount of remuneration paid to Directors for the year ended 31 December 2022 was £6,142,000 (2021: £6,088,000). £3,718,000 of this
was attributed to the highest paid Director (2021: £3,838,000). A cash allowance in lieu of company contributions to a pensions scheme was also
paid to two Directors (2021: three), which totalled £199,000 (2021: £186,000). No Directors exercised share options during the year (2021: none)
nor received vested shares under the Long-Term Incentive Plan (2021: none).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
124
3 Intangible assets
Development
costs
£m
Certification
costs
£m
Software
and other
1
£m
Total
£m
Cost
At 1 January 202
2
1,943
903
1,104
3,950
Additions
120
–
58
178
Disposals
–
–
(78)
(78)
At 31 December 202
2
2,063
903
1,084
4,050
Accumulated amortisation and impairment
At 1 January 202
2
704
411
687
1,802
Charge for the year
2
53
22
81
156
Impairment
–
–
13
13
Disposals
–
–
(75)
(75)
At 31 December 202
2
757
433
706
1,896
Net book value
At 31 December 202
2
1,306
470
378
2,154
At 31 December 2021
1,239
492
417
2,148
1
Includes £88m (2021: £113m) of software under course of construction which is not amortised
2
Charged to cost of sales and commercial and administrative costs except development costs, which are charged to research and development
At 31 December, the Company had expenditure commitments for software of £31m (2021: £38m).
The carrying amounts and the residual life of the material intangible assets for the Company are as follows:
Residual life
1
Net book value
2022
£m
2021
£m
Trent programme intangible assets
2
3
-
15
years
1,826
1,787
1
Residual life reflects the remaining amortisation period of those assets where amortisation has commenced. As per page 120, the amortisation period of 15 years will commence on those
assets which are not being amortised as the units are delivered
2
Included within the Trent programmes are the Trent 1000, Trent 7000 and Trent XWB
Intangible assets (including programme intangible assets) have been reviewed for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.
Assessments have considered potential triggers of impairment such as external factors including climate change, significant changes with an
adverse effect on a programme and by analysing latest management forecasts against those prepared in 2021 to identify any deterioration in
performance.
The Company believe there are significant business growth opportunities to come from Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in the transition to net
zero, whilst at the same time climate change poses potentially significant risks. The assumptions used by the Directors are based on past
experience and external sources of information. The main climate-related areas that have been considered are the risk that regulatory changes
could materially impact demand for our products (and hence the utilisation of the products whilst in service and their useful lives) and shifting
investment focus towards more sustainable products and solutions. Based on the climate scenarios prepared, the forecasts do not assume a
significant deterioration of demand for Civil Aerospace programmes given that all commercial aero-engines will be compatible with sustainable
fuels by the end of 2023. The investment required to ensure our new products will be compatible with net zero operation by 2030, and to achieve
net zero scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions is reflected in the forecasts used.
A 1.5
o
C scenario has been prepared using key data points from external sources including Oxford Economics, Global Climate Service and Databank
and the International Energy Agency. This scenario has been used as the basis of a sensitivity. It is assumed that governments adopt stricter
product and behavioural standards and measures that result in higher carbon pricing. Under these conditions it is assumed that markets are
willing to pay for low carbon solutions and that there is an economic return from strategic investments in low carbon alternatives.
Where a trigger event has been identified, an impairment test has been carried out. Where an impairment was required the test was performed
on the following basis:
– The carrying values of assets in their current condition have been assessed by reference to value in use. These have been estimated using
cash flows from the most recent forecasts prepared by the Directors, which are consistent with past experience and external sources of
information on market conditions over the lives of the respective programmes; and
– The key assumptions underlying cash flow projections are based on estimates of product performance related estimates, future market share
and pricing and cost for uncontracted business. Climate-related risks are considered when making these estimates consistent with the
assumptions above.
There have been no (2021: none) individually material impairment charges or reversals recognised during the year.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
125
4 Property, plant and equipment
Land and
buildings
£m
Plant and
equipment
£m
Aircraft and
engines
£m
In course of
construction
£m
Total
£m
Cost or valuation
At 1 January 202
2
895
2,616
284
80
3,875
Additions
2
33
11
45
91
Reclassifications
1
2
26
–
(28)
–
Disposals/write
-
offs
(27)
(
39
)
(54)
–
(1
20
)
Exchange differences
–
3
–
–
3
At 31 December
202
2
872
2,6
39
241
97
3,8
49
Accumulated depreciation
At 1 January 202
2
282
1,696
108
7
2,093
Charge for the year
2
31
127
18
–
176
Impairment
3
5
(6)
–
–
(1)
Disposals
/write
-
offs
(18)
(
36
)
(40)
–
(
94
)
Exchange differences
–
2
–
–
2
At 31 December 202
2
300
1,7
83
86
7
2,1
76
Net book value
At 31
December 202
2
572
856
155
90
1,673
At 31 December 2021
613
920
176
73
1,782
1
Includes reclassifications of assets under construction to the relevant classification in property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets or intangible assets when available for
use
2
Depreciation is charged to cost of sales or commercial and administrative costs or included in the cost of inventory as appropriate
3
The carrying values of property, plant and equipment have been assessed during the period in line with IAS 36. Material items of plant and equipment and aircraft and engines
are assessed for impairment together with other assets used in individual programmes – see assumptions in note 3. Land and buildings are generally used across multiple
programmes and are considered based on future expectations of the use of the site, which includes any implications from climate-related risks as explained in note 3. As a result
of this assessment, there are no individually material impairment charges or reversals in the year. The reversal in the year relates to an element of the non-underlying impairments
recorded in 2020 in Civil Aerospace for site rationalisation where there has been a subsequent change in strategy to continue production on those sites
Property, plant and equipment includes:
Assets held for use in leases where the Company is the lessor:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Cost
3
3
Depreciation
(3)
(3)
Net book value
–
–
Capital expenditure commitments
61
60
Cost of
fully depreciated assets
1,088
984
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
126
5 Right-of-use assets
Land and
buildings
£m
Plant and
equipment
£m
Aircraft
and
engines
£m
Total
£m
Cost
At 1 January 202
2
147
91
17
255
Additions/modifications of leases
7
17
–
24
Disposals
(23)
(9)
(3)
(35)
At 31 December 202
2
131
99
14
244
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
At 1 January 202
2
50
38
4
92
Charge for the year
12
20
4
36
Impairment
1
(3)
(1)
–
(4)
Disposals
(6)
(9)
(3)
(18)
At 31 December 202
2
53
48
5
106
Net book value
At 31 December 202
2
78
51
9
138
At 31 December 2021
97
53
13
163
Right
-
of
-
use assets held for use in operating leases
Cost
1
–
14
15
Depreciation
–
–
(5)
(5)
Net book value at 31 December 202
2
1
–
9
10
1
The carrying values of right-of-use assets have been assessed during the period in line with IAS 36. Material items of plant and equipment and aircraft and engines are assessed
for impairment together with other assets used in individual programmes – see assumptions in note 3. Land and buildings are generally used across multiple programmes and are
considered based on future expectations of the use of the site (which includes any implications from climate-related risks as explained in note 3). As a result of this assessment,
there are no individually material impairment charges or reversals in the period. The reversal in the period relates to an element of the non-underlying impairments recorded in
2020 in Civil Aerospace for site rationalisation where there has been a subsequent change in strategy to continue production on that site
6 Investments
Subsidiary
undertakings ¹
Joint ventures and associates
1
Other
investments
2
Shares
at cost
£m
Loans
*
£m
Shares
at cost
£m
Loans
*
£m
Total
£m
Total
£m
At 1 January 202
2
1,442
1,866
3
5
8
34
Additions
3
10
–
23
–
23
7
Disposal
–
–
–
–
–
(1)
Repayment of loan and interest
4
–
(92)
–
(5)
(5)
–
Revaluation of investment
s
accounted for at FVOCI
–
–
–
–
–
(4)
Impairment
–
–
–
–
–
(1)
Exchange differences
1
–
–
–
–
–
At 31 December 202
2
1,453
1,774
26
–
26
35
1
Subsidiary and joint venture undertakings and associates are listed on pages 140 to 145
2
Other investments includes unlisted investments of £25m (2021: £27m) and listed investments of £10m (2021: £7m)
3
During the year to 31 December 2022, the Company invested an additional £10m in Rolls-Royce SMR Limited. Further investment is expected over the next 2 years alongside other
investors. On 1 September 2022, Rolls-Royce and Air China established a joint venture called Beijing Aero Engine Services Company Limited and invested £23m. On 4 May 2022,
the Company acquired an investment in Eve Holding Inc for consideration of £7m. The Company has uncalled share capital in Nightingale Insurance Limited, one of its subsidiaries
at 31 December 2022 of £30m (2021: £30m)
4
The Company has an interest-bearing outstanding loan to Vinters International Limited, one of its subsidiaries. The loan is classified as a loan receivable from subsidiary
undertakings within non-current assets as the loan is considered to be part of the capital funding of the subsidiary undertaking. During the year, Vinters International Limited
made repayments of £121m (2021: £nil) and accrued interest of £29m (2021: £11m). No interest accruing during the year (2021: £9m part offset by the release of group tax relief) has
been capitalised and is shown within repayment of loan and interest for the year
*
Loan interest is added to the loan balance where it is not expected to be repaid in the short-term
Investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost, which is the fair value of the consideration paid.
7 Inventories
2022
£m
2021
£m
Raw
materials
17
8
Work in progress
696
471
Finished goods
1,369
1,237
Payments on account
4
13
2,086
1,729
Inventories stated at net realisable value
139
155
Amount of inventory write
-
down
10
16
Reversal of inventory write
-
down
12
18
Inventories are stated after provisions for impairment of £226m (2021: £218m).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
127
8 Trade receivables and other assets
Current Non-current Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Trade receivables ¹
1,161
1,225
43
52
1,204
1,277
Prepayments
663
491
891
374
1,554
865
Receivables due on RRSAs
928
706
255
67
1,183
773
Amounts owed by:
Subsidiary undertakings
1,915
2,099
544
227
2,459
2,326
Joint ventures ¹
598
561
5
–
603
561
Parent undertaking
335
335
–
–
335
335
Other taxation and social security
receivable
105
141
–
–
105
141
Costs to obtain contracts with customers ²
2
2
2
3
4
5
Other receivables
3
493
394
29
16
522
410
6,200
5,954
1,769
739
7,969
6,693
1
Non-current trade receivables relate to amounts not expected to be received in the next 12 months from customers on payment plans
2
These are amortised over the term of the related contract in line with engine deliveries, resulting in amortisation of £1m (2021: £3m) in the year. There were no impairment losses
(2021: none)
3
Other receivables include unbilled recoveries relating to completed overhaul activity where the right to consideration is unconditional
All amounts owed by subsidiary undertakings (except those listed below) are unsecured, interest free, have no fixed date of repayment
and are repayable on demand.
– US$644m (£535m) balance receivable from Rolls-Royce Overseas Investments Limited (2021: US$294m (£218m). This incurs interest
at US Federal Reserve rate + 3.18% and has a repayment date of 31 December 2026.
– €11m (£10m) receivable from Aerospace Transmission Technologies GmbH (2021: €11m (£9m)). This incurs interest at EURIBOR +2%
and has a repayment date of 31 December 2037.
– €7m (£6m) receivable from Europea Microfusioni Aerospaziali Spa (2021: £nil). This incurs interest at EURIBOR + 4.5% and has a
repayment date of 31 December 2023.
The ECLs on parent and group undertakings amounts to £16m (2021: £15m). The assumptions and inputs used for the estimation of the
allowance takes into account the market credit ratings.
The ECLs for trade receivables and other assets have increased by £68m to £210m (31 December 2021: decreased by £11m to £142m). This
movement is mainly driven by the Civil Aerospace business of £72m, of which £65m relates to specific customers and £7m relates to
updates to the recoverability of other receivables.
The Company has adopted the simplified approach to provide for ECLs, measuring the loss allowance at a probability weighted amount
incorporated by using credit ratings which are publicly available, or through internal risk assessments derived using the customer’s
latest available financial information.
The assumptions and inputs used for the estimation of the ECLs are shown in the table below:
2022
20
21
Trade
receivables
and other
financial
assets
Loss
allowance
Average
ECL
rate
Trade
receivables
and other
financial
assets
Loss
allowance
Average
ECL
rate
£m
£m
£m
£m
Investment grade
1
1,016
(92)
9%
639
(6)
1%
Non
-
investment grade
51
(4)
8%
133
(2)
2%
Without credit rating
2,655
(114)
4%
2,388
(134)
6%
3,722
(210)
6%
3,160
(142)
4%
1
Counterparties with a credit rating of ‘C’ or above are classified as investment grade
The movements of the Company’s ECLs provision are as follows:
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
(142)
(153)
Increases in loss allowance
recognised in the income statement during the year
(82)
(69)
Loss allowance utilised
19
32
Releases of loss allowance previously provided
21
28
Exchange differences
(26)
20
At 31 December
(210)
(142)
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
128
9 Contract assets and liabilities
Current Non-current
1
Total
2
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Contract assets
Contract assets with customers
408
381
484
532
892
913
Participation fee contract assets
16
15
149
153
165
168
424
396
633
685
1,057
1,081
1
Contract assets and contract liabilities have been presented on the face of the balance sheet in line with the operating cycle of the business. Contract liabilities is further split
according to when the related performance obligation is expected to be satisfied and therefore when revenue is estimated to be recognised in the income statement. Further
disclosure of contract assets is provided in the table above, which shows within current the element of consideration that will become unconditional in the next year
2
Contract assets are classified as non-financial instruments
The balance includes £853m (2021: £873m) of Civil Aerospace LTSA assets, with most of the remaining balance relating to Defence. The
decrease in the Civil Aerospace balance is due to collection of higher cash receipts than revenue recognised in relation to completion
of performance obligations on those contracts with a contract asset balance. Revenue recognised relating to performance obligations
satisfied in previous years was £26m in Civil Aerospace.
The absolute value of ECLs for contract assets has increased by £6m to £21m (31 December 2021: £15m).
Participation fee contract assets have reduced due to amortisation. No impairment losses (2021: none) of contract assets have arisen
during the year.
Current Non-current Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Contract liabilities
3,388
2,289
5,153
4,939
8,541
7,228
During the year £2,039m (2021: £1,366m) of the opening contract liability was recognised as revenue.
Contract liabilities have increased by £1,313m. The main driver is the increase seen in Civil Aerospace, where the movement includes an
increase in relation to LTSA liabilities of £880m driven by growth in customer payments as EFHs continue to recover from the COVID-19
pandemic and price escalation. This has been offset by revenue relating to performance obligations satisfied in previous years being
adjusted upwards by £120m which decreases the contract liability.
10 Cash and cash equivalents
2022
£m
2021
£m
Cash at bank and in hand
199
254
Money
-
market funds
4
33
Short
-
term deposits
1,714
1,760
Cash and cash equivalents
1,917
2,047
Overdrafts (
note
1
1
)
–
(3)
Balances are presented on a net basis when the Company has both a legal right of offset and the intention to either settle on a net basis
or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
129
11 Borrowings and lease liabilities
Current
Non
-
current
Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Unsecured
Overdrafts
–
3
–
–
–
3
Bank loans
1
–
–
–
1,975
–
1,975
0.875% Notes 2024
€550m
2
–
–
472
471
472
471
3.625% Notes 2025 $1,000m
2
–
–
801
781
801
781
3.375% Notes 2026 £375m
3
–
–
351
394
351
394
4.625% Notes 2026
€750m
4
–
–
661
624
661
624
5.75% Notes 2027 $1,000m
4
–
–
825
735
825
735
5.75% Notes 2027 £545m
–
–
541
540
541
540
1.625% Notes 2028
€550m
2
–
–
444
493
444
493
Total unsecured
–
3
4,095
6,013
4,095
6,016
Lease liability
–
Land and buildings
15
15
109
118
124
133
Lease liability
–
Aircraft and engines
4
1
12
13
16
14
Lease liability
–
Plant and equipment
20
15
33
39
53
54
Total lease liabilities
39
31
154
170
193
201
Total borrowings and lease liabilities
39
34
4,249
6,183
4,288
6,217
Less than
one year
£m
Between
one and
five years
£m
After five
years
£m
Total
£m
At 31 December
2022
Borrowings
–
3,651
444
4,095
Lease liabilities
39
118
36
193
39
3,769
480
4,288
At 31 December
2021
Borrowings
3
4,245
1,768
6,016
Lease liabilities
31
122
48
201
34
4,367
1,816
6,217
All outstanding items described as notes above are listed on the London Stock Exchange.
1
On 16 September 2022, the Company repaid the £2,000m loan maturing in 2025 (supported by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance)
2
These notes are the subject of cross-currency interest rate swap agreements under which the Company has undertaken to pay ﬂoating rates of GBP interest, which form a fair
value hedge. They are also subject to interest rate swap agreements under which the Company has undertaken to pay fixed rates of interest, which are classified as fair value
through profit and loss
3
These notes are the subject of interest rate swap agreements under which the Company has undertaken to pay ﬂoating rates of interest, which form a fair value hedge. They are
also subject to interest rate swap agreements under which the Company has undertaken to pay fixed rates of interest, which are classified as fair value through profit and loss
4
These notes are the subject of cross-currency interest rate swap agreements under which the Company has undertaken to pay fixed rates of GBP interest, which form a cash flow
hedge
During the year ended 31 December 2022, the Company entered into a new £1,000m sustainability-linked facility, maturing in 2027
(supported by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance). The facility was undrawn at 31 December 2022.
At 31 December 2022, the Company had total undrawn facilities of £5,500m (2021: £4,500m).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
130
12 Leases
Leases as lessee
The net book value of lease right-of-use assets at 31 December 2022 was £138m (2021: £163m), with a lease liability of £193m (2021: £201m)
(per notes 5 and 11 respectively). Leases that have not yet commenced to which the Company is committed have a future liability of £nil.
The financial statements include the following amounts relating to leases:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Land and buildings depreciation and impairment
(9)
(10)
Aircraft and engines depreciation and impairment
(19)
(
2
)
Plant and equipment depreciation and impairment
(4)
(
11
)
Total depreciation and impairment for right
-
of
-
use assets
(32)
(23)
The total cash outflow for leases in 2022 was £51m (2021: £56m). Of this, £40m related to leases reflected in the lease liability, £11m to
short-term leases where lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis and £nil for variable lease payments where obligations
are only due when the assets are used. The timing difference between income statement charge and cash flow relates to costs incurred
at the end of leases for residual value guarantees and restoration costs that are recognised within depreciation over the term of the
lease, the most significant amounts relate to engine leases.
Leases as lessor
The Company acts as lessor for engines to Civil Aerospace customers when they require engines to support their fleets. Lease
agreements with the lessee provide protection over the Company’s assets. Usage in excess of specified limits and damage to the engine
while on lease are covered by variable lease payment structures. Lessee bankruptcy risk is managed through the Cape Town Convention
on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (including a specific protocol relating to aircraft equipment), an international treaty that
creates common standards for the registration of lease contracts and establishes various legal remedies for default in financing
agreements, including repossession and the effect of particular states' bankruptcy laws. Engines are only leased once the Company can
confirm that appropriate insurance documentation is established that covers the engine assets to pre-agreed amounts. All such
contracts are operating leases. The Company also leases out a small number of properties, or parts of properties, where there is excess
capacity under operating leases.
Total non-cancellable future operating lease rentals receivables (undiscounted) of £1m (2021: £1m), are predominantly due after five
years.
In a limited number of circumstances, the Company sublets properties that are treated as a finance lease when the arrangement transfers
substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset. At 31 December 2022, the total undiscounted lease payments receivable
is £39m (2021: £19m) on annual lease income of £4m (2021: £2m). The discounted finance lease receivable at 31 December 2022 is £32m
(2021: £17m). There was £nil (2021: £nil) finance income recognised during the year.
13 Trade payables and other liabilities
Current Non-current Total
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
2022
£m
2021
£m
Trade payables
1
845
582
–
–
845
582
Payables due on RRSAs
1,392
739
–
–
1,392
739
Amounts owed to:
Subsidiary undertakings
5,301
4,810
–
–
5,301
4,810
Joint ventures and associates
557
476
–
–
557
476
Customer concession credits
2
561
1,017
817
399
1,378
1,416
Warranty credits
212
201
152
161
364
362
Accruals
1,291
1,324
182
177
1,473
1,501
Deferred receipts from RRSA workshare
partners
32
23
829
484
861
507
Government grants
3
18
21
13
12
31
33
Other taxation and social security
26
–
–
–
26
–
Other payables
4
221
192
212
246
433
438
10,456
9,385
2,205
1,479
12,661
10,864
1
Includes payables due from ITP Aero that were previously eliminated on consolidation
2
Customer concession credits are a form of discount and are reported within revenue as set out on page 116
3
During the year £3m (2021: £2m) of government grants were recognised in the income statement
4
Other payables includes parts purchase obligations, payroll liabilities, HM UK Government levies and payables associated with business disposals
All amounts due to subsidiary undertakings (except those outlined below) are unsecured, interest free and are repayable on demand.
The Company is part of the Rolls-Royce group banking arrangements and the Company’s main bank accounts are subject to offset and
pooling arrangements with cash balances acquired from other group entities. As a result of these arrangements the balances are
presented as intercompany payables as funds are pooled by the Company on the last working day of the month with funds returned the
next day. The amounts owed by the Company of £1,213m as at 31 December 2022 (2021: £959m) are interest bearing and repayable on
demand.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
131
13 Trade payables and other liabilities continued
Other intercompany payable balances outstanding as at 31 December 2022 were as follows:
– US$15m (£12m) balance payable to Rolls-Royce Canada Limited (2021: US$35m (£26m)). This incurs interest at the 3 month USD
LIBOR rate +0.1% and is repayable on demand.
– CAD237m (£146m) balance payable to Rolls-Royce Canada Limited (2021: CAD419m (£245m)). This incurs interest at the 3 month
CAD LIBOR rate +0.1% and is repayable on demand.
– £81m balance payable to Nightingale Insurance Limited (2021: £81m). This incurs interest at Bank of England base interest rate -
0.06% and is repayable on demand.
– US$300m (£249m) balance payable to Rolls-Royce North America (USA) Holdings Co (2021: US$139m (£103m)). This incurs interest
at the 1 month USD LIBOR rate +0.1% and is repayable on demand.
– €335m (£297m) balance payable to Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG (2021: €633m (£532m)). This incurs interest at EURIBOR +0.1%
and is repayable on demand.
– US$171m (£142m) balance payable to Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG (2021: £nil). This incurs interest at USD LIBOR rate +0.1% and is
repayable on demand.
– €200m (£177m) balance payable to RR Deutschland Ltd & Co KG (2021: €200m (£168m)). This incurs interest at the 3 month EURIBOR
rate +0.1% and is repayable on demand.
– £50m balance payable to RR SMR Limited (2021: £nil). This incurs interest at the Bank of England base interest rate -0.06% and is
repayable on demand.
The Company’s payment terms with suppliers vary on the products and services being sourced, the competitive global markets the
Company operates in and other commercial aspects of suppliers' relationships. Industry average payment terms vary between 90-120
days. The Company offers reduced payment terms for smaller suppliers, so that they are paid in 30 days. In line with aerospace industry
practice, the Company offers a supply chain financing (SCF) programme in partnership with banks to enable suppliers, including joint
ventures, who are on standard 75-day payment terms to receive their payments sooner. The SCF programme is available to suppliers at
their discretion and does not change rights and obligations with suppliers nor the timing of payment to suppliers. At 31 December 2022,
suppliers had drawn £422m under the SCF scheme (31 December 2021: £540m).
14 Other financial assets and liabilities
Details of the Company’s policies on the use of financial instruments are given in the accounting policies on page 119.
The fair values of other financial instruments held by the Company are as follows:
Foreign
exchange
contracts
£m
Commodity
contracts
£m
Interest
rate
contracts
1
£m
Total
derivatives
£m
Financial
RRSAs
£m
Other
£m
Total
£m
202
2
Current assets
219
40
2
261
–
–
261
Non
-
current assets
61
25
436
522
–
–
522
Assets
280
65
438
783
–
–
783
Current liabilities
(973)
(2)
(2)
(977)
(9)
(11)
(997)
Non
-
current liabilities
(3,031)
(2)
(98)
(3,131)
(101)
–
(3,232)
Liabilities
(4,004)
(4)
(100)
(4,108)
(110)
(11)
(4,229)
(3,724)
61
338
(3,325)
(110)
(11)
(3,446)
2021
Current assets
76
21
–
97
–
–
97
Non
-
current assets
160
11
176
347
–
–
347
Assets
236
32
176
444
–
–
444
Current liabilities
(632)
(4)
–
(636)
(13)
(13)
(662)
Non
-
current liabilities
(2,583)
–
(82)
(2,665)
(64)
–
(2,729)
Liabilities
(3,215)
(4)
(82)
(3,301)
(77)
(13)
(3,391)
(2,979)
28 94
(2,857)
(77)
(13)
(2,947)
1
Includes the foreign exchange impact of cross-currency interest rate swaps
Where applicable, market values have been used to determine fair values. Where market values are not available, fair values have been
calculated by discounting expected future cash flows at prevailing interest rates and translating at prevailing exchange rates.
Derivative financial instruments
The Company uses various financial instruments to manage its exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates. The Company uses
commodity swaps to manage its exposure to movements in the price of commodities (jet fuel and base metals). To hedge the currency
risk associated with a borrowing denominated in a foreign currency, the Company has currency derivatives designated as part of a fair
value or cash flow hedge. The Company uses interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements to manage its exposure to movements in
interest rates.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
132
14 Other financial assets and liabilities continued
Movements in the fair values of derivative financial assets and liabilities were as follows:
Foreign
exchange
instruments
Commodity
instruments
Interest rate
instruments –
hedge accounted
1
Interest rate
instruments - non-
hedge accounted
Total
2022
2022
2022
2022
2022
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
At 1 January
(2,979)
28
57
37
(2,857)
Movements in fair value hedges
–
–
(74)
–
(74)
Movements in cash flow hedges
(56)
–
142
–
86
Movements in other derivative contracts
(1,636)
104
–
190
(1,342)
Contracts settled
947
(71)
–
(14)
862
At
31 December
(3,724)
61
125
213
(3,325)
1
Includes the foreign exchange impact of cross-currency interest rate swaps
Financial RRSAs and other liabilities
The Company has financial liabilities arising from financial RRSAs. These financial liabilities are valued at each reporting date using the
amortised cost method. This involves calculating the present value of the forecast cash flows of the arrangements using the internal
rate of return at the inception of the arrangements as the discount rate.
Movements in carrying values were as follows:
Financial
RRSAs
Other -
liabilities
2022
£m
2022
£m
At 1 January
(77)
(13)
Cash paid
10
–
Additions
(6)
2
Changes in forecast payments
(27)
–
Financing charge
(8)
–
Exchange adjustments
(2)
–
At 31 December
(110)
(11)
15 Provisions for liabilities and charges
At
31 December
2021 as
previously
reported
£m
On
adoption of
amendment
to IAS 37
£m
At 1
January
2022
£m
Charged to
income
statement
1
£m
Reversed
£m
Utilised
£m
At
31
December
2022
£m
Contract losses
899
747
1,646
363
(385)
(80)
1,544
Trent 1000 wastage costs
157
157
106
–
(84)
179
Warranty and guarantees
21
21
2
(2)
(2)
19
Customer financing
17
17
–
(7)
(10)
–
Restructuring
7
7
–
(6)
(1)
–
Employer liability claims
5
5
2
(1)
(2)
4
Other
59
59
16
(3)
–
72
1,165
747
1,912
489
(404)
(179)
1,818
Current liabilities
204
39
243
352
Non
-
current liabilities
961
708
1,669
1,466
1
The charge to the income statement includes £33m (2021: £32m) as a result of the unwinding of the discounting of provisions previously recognised
Contract losses
Provisions for contract losses are recorded when the direct costs to fulfil a contract are assessed as being greater than the expected
revenue. As a result of the amendment to IAS 37 for Onerous Contracts, from 1 January 2022 provisions for contract losses have been
measured on a fully costed basis resulting in a £747m increase of the total contract loss provision as at 1 January 2022 (see note 1 for
details). During the year, additional contract losses for the Company of £363m have been recognised as a result of changes in future
cost estimates, primarily in relation to LTSA shop visits. Contract losses of £385m previously recognised have been reversed following
improvements to cost estimates across various large engine programmes as a result of operational improvements and updates to the
discount rate. The Company continues to monitor the contract loss provision for changes in the market and revises the provision as
required. The value of the remaining contract loss provisions reflect, in each case, the single most likely outcome. The provisions are
expected to be utilised over the term of the customer contracts, typically within 8 to 16 years.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
133
15 Provisions for liabilities and charges continued
Trent 1000 wastage costs
In November 2019, the Company announced the outcome of testing and a thorough technical and financial review of the Trent 1000
TEN programme, following technical issues which were identified in 2019, resulting in a revised timeline and a more conservative
estimate of durability for the improved HP turbine blade for the TEN variant. During the year, the Company has utilised £84m of the
Trent 1000 wastage costs provision. This represents customer disruption costs and remediation shop visit costs. During the year,
additional Trent 1000 costs of £106m relating to wastage have been recognised reflecting delays in certification which have led to
revised cost and timing estimates. The value of the remaining provision reflects the single most likely outcome and is expected to be
utilised over the period 2023-2024.
Warranty and guarantees
Provisions for warranty and guarantees primarily relate to products sold and are calculated based on an assessment of the remediation
costs related to future claims based on past experiences. The provision generally covers a period of up to three years.
Customer financing
Customer financing provisions have been made to cover guarantees provided for asset value and/or financing where it is probable that
a payment will be made. These are reported on a discounted basis at the Company’s borrowing rate to better reflect the time span over
which these exposures could arise. The values of aircraft providing security are based on advice from a specialist aircraft appraiser.
There were no provisions for Customer financing provisions at 31 December 2022 (2021: £17m). In addition to the provisions recognised,
the Company has contingent liabilities for customer financing arrangements where the payment is not probable. See note 20.
Employer liability claims
The provision relating to employer healthcare liability claims is as a result of an historical insolvency of the previous provider and is
expected to be utilised over the next 30 years.
Other
During the year, £16m of other provisions have been charged to the income statement. The items that make up the charge in the year
are individually immaterial and predominately relate to claims. At 31 December 2022, other provisions includes those items as well as
others (predominantly supplier claims), where the related legal proceedings are ongoing and utilisation will depend upon their
resolution. The value of the provision reflects the single most likely outcome in each case.
16 Deferred taxation
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
1,171
768
Amount
credited
to income statement
424
436
Amount
credited/(charged)
to statement of OCI
186
(50)
Amount
credited
to equity
1
17
At 31 December
1,782
1,171
Deferred tax assets
1,990
1,562
Deferred tax liabilities
(208)
(391)
Deferred tax
1,782
1,171
The analysis of the deferred tax position is as follows:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Intangible assets
(357)
(343)
Property, plant and equipment
159
131
)
Other temporary differences
1
244
165
Pensions and other post
-
retirement scheme benefits
(208)
(391)
Foreign exchange and commodity financial assets and liabilities
668
339
Losses
1,054
1,054
Advance corporation tax
162
162
R&D credit
60
54
1,782
1,171
Unprovided deferred tax
2022
£m
2021
£m
Other temporary differences
–
14
Foreign exchange and commodity financial assets and liabilities
218
392
Losses
2,023
1,563
2,241
1,969
Gross amount of losses and other deductible temporary differences for which no deferred tax has
been recognised on which there is no expiry
2022
£m
2021
£m
Other temporary differences
–
55
Foreign exchange and commodity financial assets and liabilities
871
1,567
Losses
8,092
6,251
8,963
7,873
¹ Other temporary differences mainly relate to the deferral of relief for interest expenses under the corporate interest restriction rules
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
134
16 Deferred taxation continued
The total deferred tax asset of £1,990m (2021: £1,562m) is made up as follows:
– £1,054m (2021: £1,054m) relating to tax losses;
– £668m (2021: £339m) arising on unrealised losses on derivative contracts;
– £162m (2021: £162m) of advance corporation tax; and
– £106m (2021: £7m) relating to other deductible temporary differences, in particular tax depreciation and relief for interest expenses.
The deferred tax assets have been recognised based on the expectation that the business will generate taxable profits and tax liabilities
in the future against which the losses and deductible temporary differences can be utilised.
Most of the tax losses relate to the Civil Aerospace large engine business which makes initial losses through the investment period of a
programme and then makes a profit through its contracts for services. The programme lifecycles are typically in excess of 30 years.
Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the
assets can be utilised. A recoverability assessment has been undertaken, taking account of deferred tax liabilities against which the
reversal can be offset and using latest UK forecasts, which are mainly driven by the Civil Aerospace large engine business, to assess the
level of future taxable profits.
The recoverability of deferred tax assets has been assessed on the following basis:
– Using the most recent UK profit forecasts which are consistent with past experience and external sources on market conditions.
These forecasts cover the next five years;
– The long-term forecast profit profile of certain major large engine programmes which is typically in excess of 30 years from initial
investment to retirement of the fleet, including the aftermarket revenues earned from airline customers;
– Taking into account the risk that regulatory changes could materially impact demand for our products and shifting investment focus
towards more sustainable products and solutions;
– Consideration that all commercial aero-engines will be compatible with sustainable fuels by the end of 2023;
– A 25% probability of the stressed downside forecast materialising in relation to the civil aviation industry; and
– The long-term forecast profit and cost profile of the other parts of the business.
The assessment takes into account UK tax laws that, in broad terms, restrict the offset of the carried forward tax losses to 50% of current
year profits. In addition, management’s assumptions relating to the amounts and timing of future taxable profits include the impact of
macroeconomic factors and climate change on existing large engine programmes. Based on this assessment, the Company has
recognised a total deferred tax asset of £1,990m. This reflects the conclusions that:
– It is probable that the business will generate taxable income and tax liabilities in the future against which these losses can be utilised.
– Based on current forecasts and using various scenarios these losses and other deductible temporary differences will be used in full
within the expected large engine programme lifecycles. An explanation of the potential impact of climate change on forecast profits
and sensitivity analysis can be found in note 1.
The Company has not recognised a deferred tax asset in respect of 2022 tax losses. This includes the impact of the IAS 37 amendment.
Any future changes in tax law or the structure of the Company could have a significant effect on the use of losses and other deductible
temporary differences, including the period over which they can be used. In view of this and the significant judgement involved the
Board continuously reassesses this area.
The temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, for which a deferred tax liability
has not been recognised, aggregate to £1,062m (2021: £957m). No deferred tax liability has been recognised on the potential withholding
tax due on the remittance of undistributed profits as the Company is able to control the timing of such remittances and it is probable
that consent will not be given in the foreseeable future.
17 Post-retirement benefits
The Company operates a funded UK defined benefit scheme, with the assets held in a separate trustee administered fund. Employees
are entitled to retirement benefits based on either their final or career average salaries and length of service. On 31 December 2020,
the scheme closed to future accrual.
The valuation of the defined benefit scheme is based on the most recent funding valuation, where relevant, updated by the scheme
actuaries to 31 December 2022.
Changes to the defined benefit scheme
As at 31 December 2022, a constructive obligation has been recognised for the offering of the Bridging Pension Option (BPO) to other
deferred members in Rolls-Royce UK Pension Fund. As a result, a past service credit of £6m has been recognised within non-underlying
operating profit/(loss).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
135
17 Post-retirement benefits continued
Amounts recognised in OCI in respect of defined benefit schemes
2022
£m
2021
£m
Actuarial gains and losses arising from:
Demographic assumptions
1
19
(101)
Financial assumptions
2
3,423
416
Experience adjustments
3
(235)
(88)
Return on scheme assets excluding financing income
2
(3,751)
(112)
(544)
115
¹ This reflects latest available CMI mortality projections and an update of the post-retirement mortality assumptions based on an analysis prepared for the 31 March 2020 funding
valuation
2
Actuarial gains and losses arising from financial assumptions arise primarily due to changes in interest rates and inflation
3
This reflects realised inflation being higher than expected in the period, resulting in increases in actual pension increases and deferred pension expectations
Amounts recognised in the ba
lance sheet
in respect of defined benefit schemes
2022
£m
2021
£m
Present value of funded obligations
(4,621)
(8,010)
Fair value of scheme assets
5,215
9,128
Net asset recognised in the balance sheet
–
Post retirement surplus
1
594
1,118
¹ The surplus is recognised as on an ultimate wind-up when there are no longer any remaining members, any surplus would be returned to the Company, which has the power to
prevent the surplus being used for other purposes in advance of this event
Assumptions
Significant actuarial assumptions used at the balance sheet date were as follows:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Discount rate
4.80%
1.90%
Inflation assumption (RPI)
3.50%
3.60%
Inflation assumption (CPI)
2.95%
3.05%
Transfer assumption (employed deferred/deferred)
50%/40%
50%/40%
Bridging Pension Option assumption
30%
25%
Life expectancy from age
65:
current male pensioner
21.9 years
21.8 years
future male pensioner currently aged 45
23.2 years
23.2 years
current female pensioner
23.7 years
23.6 years
future female pensioner currently aged 45
25.5 years
25.4 years
Discount rates are determined by reference to the market yields on AA rated corporate bonds. The rate is determined by using the
profile of forecast benefit payments to derive a weighted average discount rate from the yield curve.
The inflation assumption is determined by the market-implied assumption based on the yields on long-term index-linked government
securities.
The mortality assumptions are derived from the SAPS S3 'All' actuarial tables, with future improvements in line with the CMI 2021 core
projections updated to reflect use of an ‘A’ parameter of 0.25% for future improvements and long-term improvements of 1.25%. Where
appropriate, these are adjusted to take account of the scheme's actual experience.
The assumption for transfers and the BPO has been updated based on actual experience and actuarial advice.
Other assumptions have been set on advice from the actuary, having regard to the latest trends in scheme experience and the
assumptions used in the most recent funding valuation. The rate of increase of pensions in payment is based on the rules of the scheme,
combined with the inflation assumption where the increase is capped.
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
136
17 Post-retirement benefits continued
Changes in present value of defined benefit obligations
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
(8,010)
(8,879)
Current service cost
(4)
(4)
Past
-
service cost
6
15
Finance cost
(149)
(137)
Benefits paid out
329
768
Actuarial
gains
3,207
227
At 31 December
(4,621)
(8,010)
Funded schemes
(4,621)
(8,010)
The defined benefit
obligations are in respect of:
2022
£m
2021
£m
Active plan participants
1
(1,681)
(3,451)
Deferred plan participants
(1,172)
(2,258)
Pensioners
(1,768)
(2,301)
Weighted average duration of obligations (years)
17
22
1
Although the UK scheme closed to future accrual on 31 December 2020, members who became deferred as a result of the closure and remain employed by the Company retain
some additional benefits compared with other deferred members. The obligations for these members are shown as active plan participants
Changes in fair value of scheme assets
2022
£m
2021
£m
At 1 January
9,128
9,762
Administrative expenses
(4)
(6)
Financing
170
153
Return on plan assets excluding financing
(3,751)
(112)
Contributions by employer
1
99
Benefits paid out
(329)
(768)
At 31 December
5,215
9,128
Total return on plan
a
ssets
(3,581)
41
Fair value of scheme assets
2022
£m
2021
£m
Sovereign debt
3,574
5,756
Corporate debt instruments
1,492
3,122
Interest rate swaps
196
54
Inflation swaps
212
106
Cash and similar instruments ¹
(1,066)
(811)
Liability driven investment (LDI) portfolios ²
4,408
8,227
Unlisted equities
40
54
Synthetic equities
3
(8)
43
Corporate debt instruments
772
802
Other
3
2
At 31 December
5,215
9,128
1
Cash and similar instruments include repurchase agreements on UK Government bonds amounting to £(1,221)m (2021: £(1,087)m). The latest maturity date for these short-term
borrowings is April 2024
2
A portfolio of gilt and swap contracts, backed by investment grade credit instruments and diversified liquidity funds assets, that is designed to hedge the majority of the interest
rate and inflation risks associated with the schemes’ obligations
3
Portfolios of swap contracts designed to provide investment returns in line with global equity markets. The maximum exposure (notional value and accrued returns) on the
portfolios was £329m (2021: £505m)
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
137
17 Post-retirement benefits continued
The investment strategy is controlled by the Trustee in consultation with the Company. The scheme assets do not directly include any
of the Company’s own financial instruments, nor any property occupied by, or other assets used by, the Company. At 31 December 2022,
there was no indirect holding of the Company’s financial instruments (2021: none).
The liquidity of the scheme was not significantly impacted by the rapid rise in UK Government bond yields in the second half of 2022.
The scheme (and its predecessor schemes) benefited from prudent cash funding from the Company in previous financial years coupled
with long-term liability hedging programmes. These factors have resulted in the scheme being relatively well funded and consequently
enabled it to keep leverage relatively low. Throughout 2022 the scheme maintained adequate levels of liquidity and eligible collateral
to service its leveraged positions.
Future contributions
The Company does not expect to contribute to its defined benefit scheme in respect of 2023 (2022: £nil).
The cash funding of RRUKPF is based on a statutory triennial funding valuation process. The Company and the Trustee negotiate and
agree the actuarial assumptions used to value the liabilities (Technical Provisions); assumptions which may differ from those used for
accounting set out above. The assumptions used to value Technical Provisions must be prudent rather than a best estimate of the
liability. Most notably, the Technical Provision discount rate is currently based upon UK Government yields plus a margin (0.5% at the
31 March 2020 valuation) rather than being based on yields of AA corporate bonds. Once each valuation is signed, a Schedule of
Contributions (SoC) must be agreed which sets out the cash contributions to be paid. The most recent valuation, as at 31 March 2020,
agreed by the Trustee in June 2021, showed that RRUKPF was estimated to be 105% funded on the Technical Provisions basis (estimated
to be 109% at 31 December 2022). All cash due has been paid in full and the current SoC does not require any cash contributions to be
made by the Company. The current SoC does include an agreement for contributions between 2024 to 2027 (capped at £145m in total)
if the Technical Provisions funding position is below 107% at 31 March 2023.
Sensitivities
The calculations of the defined benefit obligations are sensitive to the assumptions set out on page 135. The following table summarises
how the estimated impact of a change in a significant assumption would affect the UK defined benefit obligation at 31 December 2022,
while holding all other assumptions constant. This sensitivity analysis may not be representative of the actual change in the defined
benefit obligation as it is unlikely that the change in assumptions would occur in isolation of one another as some of the assumptions
may be correlated.
For the most significant funded schemes, the investment strategies are designed to hedge the risks from interest rates and inflation on
a proxy solvency basis.
The interest rate and inflation hedging is currently based on UK Government bond yields without any adjustment for any credit spread.
The sensitivity analysis set out below has been determined based on a method that estimates the impact on the defined benefit obligation
as a result of reasonable changes in key assumptions occurring at the end of the reporting period.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Reduction in discount rate of 0.25%
1
Obligation
(205)
(460)
Plan assets (LDI portfolio)
235
484
Increase in inflation rate of 0.25%
1
Obligation
(70)
(210)
Plan assets (LDI portfolio)
91
147
Increase of 1% in transfer value assumption
Obligations
(30)
(55)
Increase of 5% of transfers instead of BPO
Obligations
(5)
(30)
One year increase in life expectancy
Obligations
(215)
(365)
1
The differences between the sensitivities on obligations and plan assets arise largely due to differences in the methods used to value the obligations for accounting purposes and
the adopted proxy solvency basis
Defined contribution schemes
The Company operates a number of defined contribution schemes. The total expense recognised in the income statement was £130m
(2021: £125m).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
138
18 Share capital
Equity
ordinary
shares of
20p each
(m
illions
)
Nominal
value
£m
Authorised
At 1 January and 31 December 2022
2,000
400
Issued and fully paid
At 1 January and 31 December 2022
1,691
338
Rights, preferences and restrictions
Each member has one vote for each ordinary share held. Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to receive the Company’s Annual
Report; attend and speak at general meetings of the Company; to appoint one or more proxies or, if they are corporations, corporate
representatives; and to exercise voting rights. The ordinary shares are not listed.
19 Share-based payments
Effect of share-based payment transactions on the Company’s results and financial position
2022
£m
2021
£m
Total expense recognised for equity
-
settled share
-
based payment transactions
39
16
Share-based payment plans in operation during the year
During the year, the Company participated in the following share-based payment plans operated by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc:
Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP)
The fair value of shares awarded is calculated using a pricing model that takes account of the non-entitlement to dividends (or
equivalent) during the vesting period and the market-based performance condition based on expectations about volatility and the
correlation of share price returns in the group of FTSE 100 companies and which incorporates into the valuation the interdependency
between share price performance and TSR vesting. This adjustment decreases the fair value of the award relative to the share price at
the date of grant.
ShareSave
The fair value of the options granted is calculated using a pricing model that assumes that participants will exercise their options at the
beginning of the six-month window if the share price is greater than the exercise price. Otherwise it assumes that options are held until
the expiration of their contractual term. This results in an expected life that falls somewhere between the start and end of the exercise
window.
Deferred Share Bonus Plan (DSBP)
The fair value of shares awarded under DSBP is calculated as the share price on the date of the award, excluding expected dividends
(or equivalent).
The weighted average share price at the date share options were exercised was 95p (2021: 119p) per share. The closing price at 31
December 2022 was 93p (2021: 123p).
The range of exercise prices for the share options as at 31 December 2022 was 97p to 261p.
ShareSave (m
illions
)
Grant
-
vest
Expiry date (31
January)
Exercise price in
pence per share
option
202
2
202
1
2017
–
2023
2023
260
1.2
1.4
2019
–
2023
2023
232
1.8
2.3
2019
-
2025
2025
232
1.8
2.1
2021
-
2025
2025
97
33.4
35.9
38.2
41.7
The weighted average remaining contractual life for the cash settled options as at 31 December 2022 was two years (2021: two years).
Notes to the Company Financial Statements Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
139
20 Contingent liabilities
Contingent liabilities in respect of customer financing commitments are described in note 15.
In January 2017, after full cooperation, the Company concluded deferred prosecution agreements (DPA) with the SFO and the US
Department of Justice (DoJ) and a leniency agreement with the MPF, the Brazilian federal prosecutors. The terms of both DPAs have
now expired; the DPA with the DoJ was dismissed by the US District Court on 19 May 2020 and the SFO filed notice of discontinuance
of proceedings with the UK Court on 18 January 2022. Certain authorities are investigating members of the Company for matters relating
to misconduct in relation to historical matters. The Company is responding appropriately. Action may be taken by further authorities
against the Company or individuals. In addition, the Company could still be affected by actions from customers, customers’ financiers
and the Company’s current and former investors, including certain potential claims in respect of the Company’s historical ethics and
compliance disclosures which have been notified to the Company. The Directors are not currently aware of any matters that are likely
to lead to a material financial loss over and above the penalties imposed to date but cannot anticipate all the possible actions that may
be taken or their potential consequences.
Contingent liabilities exist in respect of guarantees provided by the Company in the ordinary course of business for product delivery,
commitments made for future service demand in respect of maintenance, repair and overhaul, and performance and reliability. The
Company has, in the normal course of business, entered into arrangements in respect of export ﬁnance, performance bonds,
countertrade obligations and minor miscellaneous items. Various Company undertakings are parties to legal actions and claims
(including with tax authorities) which arise in the ordinary course of business, some of which are for substantial amounts. As a
consequence of the insolvency of an insurer as previously reported, the Company is no longer fully insured against known and potential
claims from employees who worked for certain of the Company’s UK based businesses for a period prior to the acquisition of those
businesses by the Company.
In connection with the sale of its products the Company will, on some occasions, provide financing support for its customers, generally
in respect of civil aircraft. The Company’s commitments relating to these financing arrangements are spread over many years, relate to
a number of customers and a broad product portfolio and are generally secured on the asset subject to the financing. These include
commitments of $1.2bn (2021: $1.7bn) (on a discounted basis) to provide facilities to enable customers to purchase aircraft (of which
approximately $0.9bn could be called during 2023). These facilities may only be used if the customer is unable to obtain financing
elsewhere and are priced at a premium to the market rate. Significant events impacting the international aircraft financing market, the
failure by customers to meet their obligations under such financing agreements, or inadequate provisions for customer financing
liabilities may adversely affect the Company’s financial position.
Where the Company enters into financial guarantee contracts to guarantee the indebtedness of other companies within its Group, the
Company considers these to be insurance arrangements, and accounts for them as such. In this respect, the Company treats the
guarantee contract as a contingent liability until such time as it becomes probable that the Company will be required to make a payment
under the guarantee. At 31 December 2022, these guarantees amounted to £1,016m (2021: £940m). At 31 December 2022, there were
Company guarantees in respect of joint ventures' lending amounting to £3m (2021: £1m).
The Company participates in a Cash Pooling Arrangement. Under the Pooling Arrangement the Company benefits from more favourable
interest rates than would be available outside of the Pooling Arrangement as well as more streamlined treasury functions. As part of the
Pooling Arrangement, the Company cross-guarantees the borrowings of other pooling participants. At 31 December 2022, these
guarantees amounted to £2m (2021: £4m).
The Company has responded appropriately to the Russia-Ukraine conflict to comply with international sanctions and export control
regime, and also to implement our business decision to exit from Russia. The Company could be subject to action by impacted customers
and other contract parties.
While the outcome of the above matters cannot precisely be foreseen, the Directors do not expect any of these arrangements, legal
actions or claims, after allowing for provisions already made, to result in signiﬁcant loss to the Company.
21 Related party transactions
2022
£m
2021
£m
Sale of goods and services
1
4,961
3,432
Purchases of goods
1
(4,655)
(3,359)
Guarantees of joint arrangements’ and associates’ borrowings
3
1
Guarantees of non
-
wholly owned subsidiaries’ borrowings
3
3
1
Sales of goods and services to related parties and purchases of goods and services from related parties, including joint ventures and associates, are included at the average
exchange rate, consistent with the statutory income statement
The Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of its ultimate parent Rolls-Royce Holdings plc and is included within the consolidated results
of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc and therefore has taken advantage of the exemption in FRS 101 not to disclose related party transactions
with its parent company and other wholly owned group companies. The aggregated balances with joint ventures are shown in notes 8
and 13.
22 Parent and ultimate parent company
The Company’s direct parent is Rolls-Royce Group Limited.
The ultimate parent undertaking and the smallest and largest group to consolidate these financial statements is Rolls-Royce Holdings
plc. Copies of the Rolls-Royce Holdings plc consolidated financial statements can be obtained from the Company Secretary at Kings
Place, 90 York Way, London, N1 9FX, United Kingdom.
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
140
Subsidiaries
As at 31 December 2022, the companies listed below and on the following pages are indirectly held by Rolls-Royce plc except those
companies indicated which are directly held by Rolls-Royce plc. The financial year end of each company is 31 December unless otherwise
indicated.
Company name
Address
Class
of shares
%
of
class
held
Aerospace Transmission Technologies
Gmb
H
*
,1
Adelheidstrasse 40, D-88046, Friedrichshafen, Germany Capital Stock 50
Amalgamated Power Engineering
Limited
2
London
3
Deferred
Ordinary
100
100
Bristol Siddeley Engines Limited
*
,4
London
3
Ordinary
100
Brown Brothers & Company, Limited
4
Taxiway, Hillend Industrial Estate, Dalgety Bay, Dunfermline, Fife, KY11 9JT,
Scotland
Ordinary 100
C.A. Parsons & Company Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary
100
Derby Specialist Fabrications Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Europea Microfusioni Aerospaziali
S.p.A. *
Zona Industriale AS1, 83040 Morra de Sanctis, Avellino, Italy Ordinary 100
Heaton Power Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
John Thompson Cochran Limited
2
Taxiway, Hillend Industrial Estate, Dalgety Bay, Dunfermline, Fife, KY11 9JT,
Scotland
6% Cumulative
Preference
Ordinary
100
100
Karl Maybach
-
Hilfe GmbH
Maybachplatz 1, 88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Capital Stock
100
Kinolt Immo SA
Rue de l’Avenir 61, 4460, Grace
-
Hollogne, Belgium
Ordinary
100
Kinolt Immobilien SA
Rue de l’Avenir 61, 4460, Grace
-
Hollogne, Belgium
Ordinary
100
Kinolt Trading and Contracting LLC
5
REGUS Service Office, Office No. 1034, Shoumoukh Tower, 10th Floor, Tower B,
C
-
Ring Road, Al Sadd, PO Box 207207, Doha, Qatar
Ordinary 49
Kinolt Sistemas de UPS SpA
Bucarest No 17 Oficina, No 33,
Previdencia, Santiago, Chile
Ordinary
100
Kinolt UK Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary
100
LLC Rolls
-
Royce Solutions Rus
Shabolovka Street 2, 119049, Moscow, Russian Federation
Ordinary
100
MTU India Private Limited
6
6th Floor, RMZ Galleria, S/Y No. 144 Bengaluru, Bangalore, Kamataka
560,064, India
Ordinary 100
MTU Polska Sp. z o.o.
Ul. Lekka 3., Lokal U4. Raum, PLZ: 01
-
910, Ort: Warszawa, Poland
Ordinary
100
NEI International Combustion Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
NEI Mining Equipment Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
NEI Nuclear Systems Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
NEI Parsons Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
NEI Peebles Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
NEI Power Projects Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Nightingale Insurance Limited
PO Box 33, Dorey Court, Admiral Park, St Peter Port, GY1 4AT, Guernsey
Ordinary
100
No
-
Break Power Limited
2
Unit 29 Birches Industrial Estate, East Grinstead, RH19 1XZ
,
England
Ordinary
10
0
Powerfield Limited
2
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
PT Rolls-Royce Secure Building Blok B, Jl. Raya Protokol Halim, Perdanakusuma, Jakarta,
13610, Indonesia
Ordinary 100
PT Rolls Royce Solutions Indonesia Secure Building Blok B, Jl. Raya Protokol Halim, Perdanakusuma, Jakarta,
13610, Indonesia
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce (Ireland) Unlimited
Company
2
Ulster International Finance, 1st Floor IFSC House, IFSC, Dublin 1, Ireland Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce (Thailand) Limited 989 Floor 12A, Unit B1, B2, Siam Piwat Tower, Rama 1, Pathumwan, Bangkok,
10330, Thailand
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Aero Engine Services
Limited *
,2
London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls
-
Royce Australia Pty Limited
Level 1, 60 Martin Place, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Australia Services Pty
Limited
Level 1, 60 Martin Place, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Brasil Limitada * Rua Jose Versolato, No. 111, Torre B, Sala 2502, Centro, São Bernando do
Campo, Sao Paulo, CEP 09750
-
730,
Brazil
Quotas 100
*
Directly held by the Company
1
Although the interest held is 50%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a
non-controlling interest
2
Dormant entity
3
Kings Place, 90 York Way, London, United Kingdom, N1 9FX
4
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ended 31 December 2022. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
5
Although the interest held is 49%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a
non-controlling interest
6
Reporting year end is 31 March
7
Moor Lane, Derby, Derbyshire, DE24 8BJ, United Kingdom
8
Corporation Service Company, 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, Delaware 19809, United States
9
Entity in liquidation
10
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ending 31 March 2023. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
11
The entity is not included in the consolidation as the Company does not have a beneficial interest in the net assets of the entity
12
The entity is accounted for as a joint operation (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements)
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
141
Subsidiaries continued
Company name
Address
Class
of shares
% of
class
held
Rolls-Royce Canada Limited 9500 Côte de Liesse, Lachine, Québec H8T 1A2, Canada Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Chile SpA Alcantra 200 office 601, Piso 6, C.O, 7550159 Las Condes, Santiago, Chile Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce China Holding Limited * 305 Indigo Building 1, 20 Jiuxianqiao Road, Beijing, 100016, China Registered
Capital
100
Rolls-Royce Commercial Aero Engines
Limited *
,2
London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Controls and Data Services
Limited *
,2
London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Controls and Data Services (NZ)
Limited
c/o Deloitte, 80 Queen Street, Auckland Central, Auckland 1010, New
Zealand
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Controls and Data Services (UK)
Limited *
Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Corporation Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Crosspointe LLC Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity)
100
Rolls-
Royce Defense Products and Solutions,
Inc.
Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Defense Services, Inc. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co KG Amtsgericht Potsdam, Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Electrical Norway AS * Jarleveien 8A, 7041, Trondheim 500, Norway Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Energy Angola, Limitada
2
Rua Rei Katyavala, Edificio Rei Katyavala, Entrada B, Piso 8, Luanda, Angola
Quota 100
Rolls-Royce Energy Systems Inc.
2
Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Engine Services Holdings Co. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Engine Services Limitada Inc.
9
Bldg. 06 Berthaphil Compound, Jose Abad Santos Avenue, Clark Special
Economic Zone, Clark, Pampanga, Philippines
Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Erste Beteiligungs GmbH * Eschenweg 11, 15827 Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany Capital Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Finance Company Limited
2
London
3
Deferred
Ordinary
100
100
Rolls-Royce Finance Holdings Co. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems Limited *
,4
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce General Partner (Ireland)
Limited *
29 Earlshot Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce General Partner Limited *
,2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce High Temperature Composites,
Inc.
Corporation Service Company, 2710 Gateway Oaks Drive, Suite 150N,
Sacramento, California 95833, United States
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Holdings Canada Inc. * 9500 Côte de Liesse, Lachine, Québec H8T 1A2, Canada Common C 100
Rolls-Royce Hungary Kft * Gizella U. 51–57, 1143 Budapest, Hungary Cash shares
100
Rolls-Royce India Limited
2,6,10
Derby
8
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce India Private Limited
6
Birla Tower West, 2nd Floor 25, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi, 110001, India
Equity 100
Rolls-Royce Industrial & Marine Power
Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Industrial Power (India)
Limited
2,6
Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Industrial Power Engineering
(Overseas Projects) Limited
Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Industries Limited *
,4
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce International Limited * Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Japan Co., Limited 31st Floor, Kasumigaseki Building, 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo,
100-6031, Japan
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Leasing Limited * Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. C-2-3A TTDI Plaza, Jalan Wan Kadir 3, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, 6000 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Marine North America, Inc. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce Military Aero Engines
Limited *
,2,6,10
London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce New Zealand Limited c/o Deloitte, 80 Queen Street, Auckland Central, Auckland 1010, New
Zealand
Ordinary 100
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
142
Subsidiaries continued
Company name
Address
Class
of shares
% of
class
held
Rolls-Royce North America (USA)
Holdings Co.
Wilmington
8
Common Stock 100
Rolls-Royce North America Holdings, Inc. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce North America Ventures, Inc. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce North America, Inc. Wilmington
8
Common Stock
100
Rolls-Royce North American Technologies, Inc.
Wilmington
8
Common Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Oman LLC Bait Al Reem, Business Office #131, Building No 81, Way No 3409,
Block No 234, Al Thaqafa Street, Al Khuwair, PO Box 20, Postal Code
103, Oman
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Operations (India) Private
Limited
2, 6
Birla Tower West, 2nd Floor, 25 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi,
Ordinary
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Overseas Holdings Limited * Derby
7
Ordinary
Ordinary A
100
100
Rolls-Royce Overseas Investments Limited
4
Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Placements Limited London
3
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Power Engineering plc * Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG Maybachplatz 1, 88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Retirement Savings Trust
Limited *
,2,6
Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Saudi Arabia Limited 3010 - Al Arid, Unit No 1, Riyadh 13332 - 7663, Saudi Arabia Cash shares 100
Rolls-Royce Singapore Pte. Limited 6 Shenton Way, #33-00 OUE, Downtown Singapore 068809,
Singapore
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce SMR Limited * Derby
7
Ordinary 82.8
Rolls-Royce Solutions (Suzhou) Co. Ltd 9 Long Yun Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215024, Jiang Su,
China
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Africa (Pty) Limited 36 Marconi Street, Montague Gardens, Cape Town, 7441, South
Africa
Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions America Inc. Wilmington
8
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Asia Pte. Limited 10 Tukang Innovation Drive, Singapore 618302 Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Augsburg GmbH Dasinger Strasse 11, 86165, Augsburg, Germany Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Benelux B.V Merwedestraat 86, 3313 CS, Dordrecht, Netherlands Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Berlin GmbH Villa Rathenau, Wilhelminenhofstrasse 75, 12459 Berlin, Germany Common
Seed Preferred
100
100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Brasil Limitada Via Anhanguera, KM 29203, 05276-000 Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Enerji Deniz Ve
Savunma Hatira
Sokak, No. 5, Ömerli Mahellesi, 34555 Arnavutköy, Istanbul, Turkey
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions France S.A.S. Immeuble Colorado, 8/10 rue de Rosa Luxembourg-Parc des
Bellevues 95610, Erangy-sur-Oise, France
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions GmbH Maybachplatz 1, 88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Hong Kong Limited No.8 Hart Avenue, Unit D, 8th Floor, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Ibérica s.l.u. Calle Copérnico 26–28, 28823 Coslada, Madrid, Spain Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Israel Limited 4 Ha’Alon Street, South Building, Third Floor, 4059300 Kfar Neter,
Israel
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Italia S.r.l. Via Aurelia Nord, 328, 19021 Arcola (SP), Italy Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Japan Co. Limited Resorttrust Building 4-14-3, Nishitenma Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0047,
Japan
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Korea Limited 22nd Floor, Olive Tower, 41 Sejongdaero 9 gil, Junggu,
100-737 Seoul, Republic of Korea
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Liège Holding S.A. Rue de l’Avenir 61, 4460, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium Ordinary 100
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
143
Subsidiaries continued
*
Directly held by the Company
1
Though the interest held is 50%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a non-
controlling interest
2
Dormant entity
3
Kings Place, 90 York Way, London, United Kingdom, N1 9FX
4
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ended 31 December 2022. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
5
Though the interest held is 49%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a non-
controlling interest
6
Reporting year end is 31 March
7
Moor Lane, Derby, Derbyshire, DE24 8BJ, United Kingdom
8
Corporation Service Company, 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, Delaware 19809, United States
9
Entity in liquidation
10
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ending 31 March 2023. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
11
The entity is not included in the consolidation as the Company does not have a beneficial interest in the net assets of the entity
12
The entity is accounted for as a joint operation (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements)
Company name
Address
Class
of shares
% of
class
held
Rolls-Royce Solutions Liège S.A. Rue de l’Avenir 61, 4460, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Magdeburg GmbH Friedrich-List-Strasse 8, 39122 Magdeburg, Germany Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Mexico City S.A. de C.V.
Xochicalco 620, Colonia Letran Valle, Delegacion Benito Juarez,
Mexico City 03650, Mexico
Common
Shares
100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Middle East FZE S3B5SR06, Jebel Ali Free Zone, South P.O. Box 61141, Dubai, United
Arab Emirates
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Ruhstorf GmbH Rotthofer Strasse 8, 94099 Ruhstorf a.d. Rott, Germany Capital Stock 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions South Africa (Pty)
Limited
36 Marconi Street, Montague Gardens, Cape Town, 7441,
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions UK Limited Derby
7
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Solutions Willich GmbH Konrad-Zuse-Str. 3, 47877, Willich, Germany Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Sp z.o.o. * Opolska 100 31-323, Krakow, Poland Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Submarines Limited * Atlantic House, Raynesway, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom,
DE21 7BE
Ordinary 100
Rolls-Royce Technical Support Sarl Centreda I, Avenue Didier Daurat, 31700 Blagnac, Toulouse, France
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Total Care Services Limited *
,4
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls Royce Turkey Güç Çözümleri San. ve Tic.
Ltd.Şti.
Acıbadem Mah. Çeçen Sk. Akasya A Kule Kent Etabı Blok No: 25, İç
Kapı No:13, Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey
Cash shares 100
Rolls-Royce UK Pension Fund Trustees Limited *
,2
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Rolls-Royce Zweite Beteiligungs GmbH * Eschenweg 11, 15827 Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany Capital Stock
100
Ross Ceramics Limited Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Servowatch Systems Limited Endeavour House, Benbridge Industrial Estate, Holloway Road,
Heybridge, Maldon, Essex, CM9 4ER, United Kingdom
Ordinary 100
Sharing in Growth UK Limited
11
Derby
7
Limited by
guarantee
100
Spare IPG 20 Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary
100
Spare IPG 21 Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Spare IPG 24 Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary
100
Spare IPG 32 Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary 100
Spare IPG 4 Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
The Bushing Company Limited
4
London
3
Ordinary
100
Timec 1487 Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Turbine Surface Technologies Limited *
,1
Derby
7
Ordinary A
Ordinary B
Nil
100
Vessel Lifter, Inc.
2
Corporation Service Company, 1201 Hays Street, Tallahassee, Florida
32301, United States
Common Stock 100
Vinters Defence Systems Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Vinters Engineering Limited Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Vinters International Limited
4
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Vinters Limited *
,4
Derby
7
Ordinary
100
Vinters-Armstrongs (Engineers) Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary
100
Vinters-Armstrongs Limited
2
London
3
Ordinary B
100
Yocova Private Ltd *
,2
London
3
Ordinary 100
Yocova PTE. Ltd. * 6 Shenton Way, #33-00 OUE, Downtown Singapore 068809,
Singapore
Ordinary 100
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
144
Joint Ventures and Associates
Company name
Address
Class of shares
% of
class
held
Group
interest
held %
Aero Gearbox International SAS *
,12
18 Boulevard Louis Sequin, 92700 Colombes, France Ordinary
50
50
Airtanker Services Limited *
Airtanker Hub, RAF Brize Norton, Carterton,
Oxfordshire, OX18 3LX, United Kingdom
Ordinary
23.5
23.5
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.2) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.4) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no
equity held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.5) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.6) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.7) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity
held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) (No.8) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Alpha Leasing (US) LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Alpha Partners Leasing Limited 1 Brewer’s Green, London, United Kingdom, SW1H 0RH Ordinary A
100
50
Beijing Aero Engine Services Company
Limited *
Room 711, Building 2, No.1 Jinhang Middle Road, Shunyi
District, Beijing, China
Capital
50
50
CFMS Limited
43 Queen Square, Bristol, England. BS1 4QP Limited by
guarantee
–
50
Clarke Chapman Portia Port Services
Limited
Maritime Centre, Port of Liverpool, Liverpool,
L21 1LA, United Kingdom
Ordinary A
100
50
Egypt Aero Management Services
9
EgyptAir Engine Workshop, Cairo International Airport,
Cairo,
Egypt
Ordinary
50
50
EPI Europrop International GmbH * Pelkovenstr. 147, 80992 München, Germany Capital Stock
28
28
Eurojet Turbo GmbH *
Lilienthalstrasse 2b, 85399 Halbergmoos, Germany Ordinary
33
33
Force MTU Power Systems Private Limited Mumbai Pune Road, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra 411035, India Capital Stock
49
49
Genistics Holdings Limited *
Derby
7
Ordinary A
100
50
Global Aerospace Centre for Icing and
Environmental Research Inc.
12
1000 Marie-Victorin Boulevard, Longueuil Québec,
J4G 1A1, Canada
Ordinary
50
50
Hoeller Electrolyzer GmbH Alter Holzhafen, 23966 Wismar, Germany Ordinary
54.2
54.2
Hong Kong Aero Engine
Services Limited
33rd Floor, One Pacific Place, 88 Queensway,
Hong Kong
Ordinary
50
50
International Aerospace Manufacturing
Private Limited
6,12
Survey No. 3 Kempapura Village, Varthur Hobli, Bangalore,
KA 560037, India
Ordinary
50
50
ITP Next Generation Turbines SLU * Parque Tecnologico Edificio 300, 48170, Zamudio, Vizcaya,
Spain
Ordinary-B
25
25
Light Helicopter Turbine Engine Company
(unincorporated partnership)
Suite 119, 9238 Madison Boulevard, Madison, Alabama 35758,
United States
Partnership
(no equity held)
–
50
Manse Opus Management Company
Limited
6
Third Floor Queensberry House, 3 Old Burlington Street,
London, United Kingdom, W1S 3AE
Limited by
guarantee
33
33
MEST Co., Limited
97 Bukjeonggongdan 2-gil, Yangsan-si,
Gyeongsangnam-do, 50571, Republic of Korea
Normal
46.8
46.8
MTU Cooltech Power Systems Co., Limited
Building No. 2, No. 1633 Tianchen Road, Qingpu District,
Shanghai, China
Equity
50
50
Subsidiaries, Joint Ventures and Associates Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
145
Joint Ventures and Associates continued
*
Directly held by the Company
1
Though the interest held is 50%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a non-
controlling interest
2
Dormant entity
3
Kings Place, 90 York Way, London, United Kingdom, N1 9FX
4
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ended 31 December 2022. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
5
Though the interest held is 49%, the Company controls the entity (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) and, as a result, consolidates the entity and records a non-
controlling interest
6
Reporting year end is 31 March
7
Moor Lane, Derby, Derbyshire, DE24 8BJ, United Kingdom
8
Corporation Service Company, 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, Delaware 19809, United States
9
Entity in liquidation
10
Entity to take advantage of s479A Companies Act 2006 (s479A) audit exemption for the financial year ending 31 March 2023. The Company will issue a guarantee pursuant to
s479A in relation to the liabilities of the entity
11
The entity is not included in the consolidation as the Company does not have a beneficial interest in the net assets of the entity
12
The entity is accounted for as a joint operation (see note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements)
Company name
Address Class of shares
% of
class
held
Group
interest
held %
MTU Power Systems Sdn. Bhd.
Level 10 Menara LGB, 1 Jalan Wan Kadir Taman Tun Dr Ismail
6000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ordinary A 100
49
MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce ITP GmbH *
Am Söldnermoos 17, 85399 Hallbergmoos, Germany Capital Stock 25
25
MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce GmbH * Am Söldnermoos 17, 85399 Hallbergmoos, Germany Capital Stock 33.3
33.3
MTU Yuchai Power Company Limited No 7 Danan Road, Yuzhou, Yulin, Guangxi, China, 537005,
China
Capital Stock 50
50
N3 Engine Overhaul Services GmbH &
Co KG
Gerhard-Höltje-Strasse 1, D-99310, Arnstadt, Germany Capital Stock 50
50
N3 Engine Overhaul Services
Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh
Gerhard-Höltje-Strasse 1, D-99310, Arnstadt, Germany Capital Stock 50
50
Rolls Laval Heat Exchangers Limited *
,2
Derby
7
Ordinary 50
50
Rolls-Royce & Partners Finance (US) (No 2)
LLC
Wilmington
8
Partnership (no
equity held)
–
50
Rolls-Royce & Partners Finance (US) LLC Wilmington
8
Partnership (no
equity held)
–
50
SAFYRR Propulsion Limited *
,2
Derby
7
B Shares 100
50
Shanxi North MTU Diesel Co. Limited No.97 Daqing West Road, Datong City,
Shanxi Province, China
Ordinary 49
49
Singapore Aero Engine Services Private
Limited
11 Calshot Road, 509932, Singapore Ordinary 50
50
Taec Ucak Motor Sanayi AS Levent Mahallesi Prof. Ahmet Kemal Aru Sk. No: 4/1, Beşiktaş,
Turkey
Cash Shares 49
49
Techjet Aerofoils Limited
12
Tefen Industrial Zone, PO Box 16, 24959, Israel Ordinary A
Ordinary B
50
50
50
Texas Aero Engine Services LLC
2
The Corporation Trust Company, 1209, Orange Street,
Wilmington, Delaware 19801, United States
Partnership (no
equity held)
–
50
TRT Limited * Derby
7
Ordinary B 100
50
Turbo-Union GmbH * Lilienthalstrasse 2b, 85399 Halbergmoos, Germany Capital Stock 40.0
40.0
United Battery Management GmbH Wilhelminenhofstr. 76/77, 12459, Berlin, Germany Ordinary 30
30
Xian XR Aero Components Co., Limited *
,12
Xujiawan, Beijiao, Po Box 13, Xian 710021, Shaanxi, China Ordinary 49
49
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
146
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF ROLLS-ROYCE PLC
Report on the audit of the financial statements
Opinion
In our opinion:
– Rolls-Royce plc’s consolidated financial statements and company financial statements (the “financial statements”) give a true and
fair view of the state of the group’s and of the company’s affairs as at 31 December 2022 and of the group’s loss and the group’s
cash flows for the year then ended;
– the consolidated financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting
standards as applied in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006;
– the company financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting
Practice (United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including FRS 101 “Reduced Disclosure Framework”, and applicable law); and
– the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.
We have audited the financial statements, included within the Annual Report, which comprise: the consolidated and company balance
sheets as at 31 December 2022; the consolidated income statement and consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the
consolidated cash flow statement, the consolidated and company statements of changes in equity for the year then ended; and the
notes to the financial statements, which include a description of the significant accounting policies.
Our opinion is consistent with our reporting to the Audit Committee of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc (the company's ultimate parent
company).
Basis for opinion
We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (“ISAs (UK)”) and applicable law. Our responsibilities
under ISAs (UK) are further described in the Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We
believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.
Independence
We remained independent of the group in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial
statements in the UK, which includes the FRC’s Ethical Standard, as applicable to listed public interest entities, and we have fulfilled our
other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements.
To the best of our knowledge and belief, we declare that non-audit services prohibited by the FRC’s Ethical Standard were not provided.
Other than those disclosed in note 6, we have provided no non-audit services to the company or its controlled undertakings in the
period under audit.
Our audit approach
Overview
Audit scope
– Following our assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, including the impact of climate change, we
subjected 33 individual components (including three joint ventures) to full scope audits for group purposes, which following an element
of sub-consolidation, equates to 16 group reporting opinions. In addition, nine components performed targeted specified procedures.
– In addition, the group engagement team audited the company and other centralised functions including those covering the group
treasury operations, corporate costs, corporate taxation, post-retirement benefits, and certain goodwill and intangible asset
impairment assessments. The group engagement team performed audit procedures over the group consolidation and financial
statements disclosures and performed group level analytical procedures over out of scope components.
– The components on which full scope audits, targeted specified procedures and centralised work was performed accounted for 98%
of revenue, 79% of loss before tax from continuing operations and 90% of total assets.
– Central audit testing was performed where appropriate for reporting components in group audit scope who are supported by the
group’s Finance Service Centres (FSCs).
– As part of the group audit supervision process, the group engagement team has performed 16 file reviews, which included meetings
on approach and conclusions with the component teams and review of their audit files and final deliverables. In person site visits to
components in the UK, Germany and US were also performed.
– As the company comprises a number of the UK components that were in scope for the group audit we leveraged that work for the
purposes of the company audit and performed additional testing on how the company related components were combined, with
appropriate eliminations made, to form the company financial statements. Our work accounted for 93% of the total assets of the company.
Key audit matters
– Long-term contract accounting and associated provisions (group and company)
– Deferred tax asset recognition and recoverability (group and company)
– Translation of foreign-currency denominated transactions and balances (group and company)
– Presentation and accuracy of underlying results and disclosure of other one-off items (including exceptional items) (group)
Materiality
– Overall group materiality: £80m (2021: £80m) based on approximately 0.6% of five year average underlying revenues from continuing
operations (2021 approximately 0.6% of four year average underlying revenues from continuing and discontinued operations).
– Overall company materiality: £70m (2021: £76m) based on approximately 1% of five year average revenues (2021: based on approximately
1% of four year average revenues).
– Performance materiality: £60m (2021: £60m) (group) and £53m (2021: £57m) (company).
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
147
The scope of our audit
As part of designing our audit, we determined materiality and assessed the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements.
Key audit matters
Key audit matters are those matters that, in the auditors’ professional judgement, were of most significance in the audit of the financial
statements of the current period and include the most significant assessed risks of material misstatement (whether or not due to fraud)
identified by the auditors, including those which had the greatest effect on: the overall audit strategy; the allocation of resources in the
audit; and directing the efforts of the engagement team. These matters, and any comments we make on the results of our procedures
thereon, were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we
do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.
This is not a complete list of all risks identified by our audit.
Determination of the ITP Aero disposal group and the accounting treatment and related consolidation adjustments for Civil engine sales to
related entities, which were key audit matters last year, are no longer included because the ITP Aero sale completed in September 2022
and because we validated the structure and related accounting associated with spare engine sales to related entities in the prior year.
Spare engine sales, including verifying that control has been passed to the customer to allow the associated revenue to be recognised,
continues to be audited as part of our revenue procedures. Otherwise, the key audit matters below are consistent with last year.
Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter
Long-term contract accounting and associated provisions
(group and company)
Note 1 to the consolidated and company financial statements –
Accounting policies – Revenue recognition
The Civil Aerospace and Defence businesses operate primarily
with long-term customer contracts that span multiple periods.
These long-term contracts require a number of assumptions to
be made in order to determine the expected lifetime revenue
and costs of the contract and the amounts of revenue and
profit/loss that is recognised in each reporting period.
Small adjustments can have a significant impact on the results
of an individual financial year. Changes to the profile of shop
visits or operating conditions of engines can result in different
performance assumptions and hence cost profiles. Some
contracts include inflation linked price escalations which
require judgement to determine the extent to which future
price increases are highly probable not to reverse and
therefore can be recognised. These changes to forecasts can
result in revisions to the revenue previously recognised.
£367m of such revisions has been recognised in the current
year, increasing revenue.
For Defence, long-term contracts tend to be for a fixed price
or based on a cost plus or target cost reimbursement for
qualifying costs and there are also some flying hours
arrangements. For Civil Aerospace aftermarket contracts, cash
is earned based on engine flying hours, which requires
management to estimate future engine flying hours (EFH) in
order to arrive at the total income expected over the life of a
contract. There remains significant uncertainty over the speed
and shape of recovery in EFH for large engines. The group
expects EFH to recover to pre-pandemic levels by the end of
2024.
In addition, the profitability of Civil Aerospace aftermarket
contracts typically assumes that there will be significant cost
improvements over the lifetime (15–25 years) of the contracts.
Significant judgement needs to be applied in determining time-
on-wing, whether incremental costs should be treated as
wastage or are part of the ongoing cost of servicing a contract,
future exchange rates used to translate foreign currency
income and costs and other operating parameters used to
calculate the projected life cycle. These future costs are also
risk adjusted to take into account forecasting accuracy which
represents an additional judgement.
At the development stage of a programme, agreements are
entered into with certain Civil suppliers to share in the risk and
rewards of the contracts (Risk and Revenue Sharing Partners –
‘RRSP’). This can involve upfront participation fees from the
RRSP that are amortised over the engine production phase. In
We focused our work on a number of contracts where we
consider there to be the highest degree of management
judgement or estimation and designed specific procedures over
the long-term contract accounting targeted at the associated
risks. We also sample tested the remaining population of
contracts. The audit procedures performed included:
— We attended meetings with Civil Aerospace and Defence
engine programme and customer contract managers in
order to understand the operational matters impacting
the performance of specific contracts and any
amendments to contractual arrangements that could
have an impact on performance;
— We obtained and read the relevant sections of a sample
of contracts to understand the key terms including
performance obligations and pricing structures;
— We assessed how management had forecast the speed
and shape of the recovery of engine flying hours
including by considering the downside scenarios
modelled and comparing the assumptions to industry
data;
— We challenged management’s judgments and associated
risk adjustments relating to the risk of customer default
and insolvency;
— We re-performed the calculations used to determine the
degree of completion for a sample of contracts and this
was also used in assessing the magnitude of any catch-up
adjustments;
— We compared the previously forecast results of a sample
of contracts with the actual results to assess the
performance of the contract and the historical accuracy
of forecasting;
— We verified a sample of costs incurred to third party
documentation in order to assess the validity of the
forecast costs to complete;
— We assessed the assumptions relating to life cycle cost
reductions to determine the likelihood of realisation and
where relevant the speed at which they would be
achieved, including the impact on the number of shop
visits, validating these assumptions directly with the
senior programme engineers;
— We obtained support for the risk adjustments made in
respect of future costs and challenged management’s
assumptions through assessment against historical
performance, known technical issues and the stage of
completion of the programme;
— We recalculated the price escalation included within the
contracts based on recent experience;
— We challenged the assessment of provisions for onerous
contracts to determine the completeness of the
unavoidable costs to fulfil the contractual obligations.
This included validating the additional provision
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
148
Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter
addition, specified revenue and costs are recorded in the
consolidated income statement net of the RRSP’s share.
The nature of the Civil Aerospace business gives rise to a
number of contractual guarantees, warranties and potential
claims, including the in-service issues of the Trent 1000
programme. The accounting for these can be complex and
judgemental and may impact the consolidated income
statement immediately or over the life of the contract. The
valuation of provisions for the associated amounts are
judgemental and need to be considered on a contract by
contract basis.
Management has modelled the potential impact of climate
change on its forecasts and has incorporated these estimates
into the long-term contract models. This included
incorporating the potential impact of carbon prices on the
group’s direct emissions including engine testing and those of
its suppliers and the potential impact of climate change on
commodity prices in cost estimates. It also includes the
estimated costs of demonstrating that all the commercial aero
engines are compatible with sustainable aviation fuels. The
impact of climate change on long-term contracts is highly
uncertain and requires estimates on carbon prices, the cost and
speed of decarbonisation, the ability of the group and its
suppliers to pass on incremental costs and assessing the
associated impact on aviation demand.
recorded in the year to reflect the amended accounting
standard which required such provisions to be
recognised for all direct costs. We validated the rates
used to discount the future cash flows and how
management has considered the potential impact of
climate change;
— We assessed the sensitivity of the Trent 1000 provision
to reasonable changes in estimates, particularly in
respect of the repair and overhaul facility capacity,
technical cost creep on the known issues and cost
outturns against previous provisions, in determining
whether the provision was sufficient;
— We read and understood the key terms of a sample of
RRSP contracts to assess whether revenue and costs had
been appropriately reflected, net of the share
attributable to the RRSP in the consolidated income
statement;
— With assistance from our valuation experts, we
considered the appropriateness of the key assumptions
used by management to model the impact of climate
change, including the reasonableness of the carbon and
commodity price forecasts. We validated management’s
assertions on the ability of suppliers and the group to
pass on incremental costs by reviewing supplier and
customer contracts for price change mechanisms. Where
appropriate we performed independent sensitivity
analysis to determine to what extent reasonably possible
changes in these assumptions could result in material
changes to the revenue recorded in the year and
assessed the appropriateness of the associated
disclosures;
— We read and challenged management’s accounting
papers that were prepared to explain the positions taken
in respect of their key contract judgements;
— We considered whether there were any indicators of
management override of controls or bias in arriving at
their reported position; and
— We also assessed the adequacy of disclosures in note 1 of
the key judgements and estimates involved in long-term
contract accounting.
Based on the work performed, we concur that management’s
estimates for long-term contract accounting and associated
provisions is materially appropriate, in the context of the
financial statements taken as a whole.
Deferred tax asset recognition and recoverability (group and
company)
Note 1 to the consolidated and company financial statements
– Accounting policies – Taxation and note 5 to the
consolidated financial statements – Taxation
The recognition and recoverability of deferred tax assets in
Rolls-Royce plc is a significant judgement. Rolls-Royce plc has
recognised significant deferred tax assets on the basis of
expected future levels of profitability. The magnitude of the
assets recognised necessitates the need for a number of
assumptions in assessing the future levels of profitability in the
UK over an extended period. This requires assumptions on
future profits from the Group’s aftermarket and original
equipment sales including EFH levels, associated costs and the
future exchange rates used to translate foreign currency
denominated amounts.
The additional loss reported for 2022, along with the existence
of tax losses brought forward and other deductible temporary
differences in Rolls-Royce plc, combined with the impact of
climate change on future forecasts, presents a heightened risk
that deferred tax assets previously recognised may not be
recoverable. Since the recognised deferred tax asset is
recoverable over a long period, management has reflected
their assessment of the impact of climate change within the
We evaluated management’s methodology for assessing the
recognition and recoverability of deferred tax assets, including
the ability to offset certain deferred tax liabilities and deferred
tax assets. Where recognition is supported by the availability
of sufficient probable taxable profits in future periods against
which the asset can be utilised in future periods, our evaluation
of these future profits considered both the business model and
the applicable UK tax legislation.
We assessed the future profit forecasts and the underpinning
assumptions including management’s risk weighting of
particular profit streams in Rolls-Royce plc and tested that the
assumptions and forecasts for periods beyond the normal five
year forecasting horizon were reasonable. In doing this, we
verified that the forecasts did not include taxable profit growth
that could not be demonstrated as probable.
We arrived at an independent range of long-term exchange
rates based on historical movements in exchange rates and
inflation expectations and compared this to management’s
rates.
Where applicable we assessed the consistency of the forecasts
used to justify the recognition of deferred tax assets to those
used elsewhere in the business, including for long-term
contract accounting, impairment assessments, or for the
Directors’ viability and going concern statements. We also
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
149
Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter
model forecasting probable taxable profits. This incorporates
multiple assumptions including future carbon prices,
commodity prices, the impact of government action on aviation
demand, the cost and speed of decarbonisation and the ability
of suppliers and Rolls-Royce plc to pass on price changes. To
assess the impact of inherent uncertainty management has
performed sensitivities over key estimates.
assessed the risk adjustments applied by management to these
profit forecasts to future periods that are significantly further
in time than the group’s normal five year forecasting process
and considered whether these appropriately reflect the
estimation risk to the longer term forecasts.
We considered the appropriateness of the climate change
assumptions modelled as part of their probability weighted
scenarios to forecast probable profit levels. As described in the
long-term contract accounting and associated provisions key
audit matter, this included deploying valuation experts to
assess the reasonableness of carbon pricing and commodity
assumptions as well as the comparison of forecast aviation
demand to third party sources. We considered the likelihood
that the group and its suppliers would be able to pass on
incremental climate related costs in the short, medium and
longer term and verified that management’s forecasts included
the costs arising from the group’s stated commitment to
emissions reductions by 2030. We performed additional
sensitivity analysis to understand whether reasonably possible
changes to these assumptions could lead to a material change
in the recognised asset and where appropriate ensured that
adequate disclosure was provided.
We assessed the treatment of the losses that are realised or
unrealised on the group’s hedge book and whether they were
treated appropriately and how they are recovered using the
same profit forecasts.
We also assessed the adequacy of disclosures over this area,
particularly the impact of changes in key estimates of the asset
recognised and this has been disclosed in notes 1 and 5.
We did not identify any material uncorrected exceptions from
our audit work.
Translation of foreign-currency denominated transactions and
balances (group and company)
Note 1 to the consolidated and company financial statements
– Accounting policies – Foreign currency translation
Foreign exchange rate movements influence the reported
consolidated income statement, the consolidated cash flow
statement and consolidated balance sheet. One of the group’s
primary accounting systems that is used by a number of its
subsidiaries translates transactions and balances denominated
in foreign currencies at a fixed budget rate for management
information purposes. Foreign currency denominated
transactions and balances are then re-translated to actual
average and closing spot rates through manual adjustments.
Due to the manual nature of the process and significance of
the recurring adjustments needed there is a risk that
transactions and balances denominated in foreign currencies
are incorrectly translated in the consolidated financial
statements.
In addition to our testing in other areas, we performed the
following specific audit procedures over this area:
— Obtained an understanding of the process employed by
management to correctly record the translation of
foreign currency balances and transactions;
— Tested system reports identifying transactions and
balances in source currency by agreeing these to
general ledger balances;
— Tested on a sample basis the manual calculations of the
adjustment needed to correctly record the translation of
the foreign currency denominated transactions and
balances;
— We sampled balances and transactions requiring
adjustment by source currency and tested to source data
and assessed the completeness of these balances and
transactions;
— We created an independent expectation of the loss on
the translation of monetary assets and liabilities based on
the movements in the group’s key exchange rates and
associated balances in the year;
— We agreed the exchange rates used in management’s
translation adjustments to an independent source; and
— For each adjustment sampled we assessed whether the
foreign currency denominated balance or transaction
was translated at the appropriate exchange rate
depending on its nature.
There were no material uncorrected exceptions from our audit
work.
Presentation and accuracy of underlying results and disclosure
of other one-off items (including exceptional items) (group)
We have considered the judgements taken by management to
determine what should be treated as an exceptional item and
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
150
Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter
Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements – Accounting
policies – Presentation of underlying results, note 2 to the
consolidated financial statements – Segmental analysis and note
27 to the consolidated financial statements – Derivation of
summary of funds flow statement
In addition to the performance measures prescribed by
International Financial Reporting Standards, the group also
presents its results on an underlying basis, as the Directors
believe this reflects the performance of the group during the
year. The group also presents a free cash flow metric which the
Directors believe reflects the cash generated from underlying
trading; this differs from the cash flows presented in the
consolidated cash flow statement.
The underlying results differ significantly from the reported
statutory results and are used extensively to explain performance
to the shareholders. Alternative performance measures can
provide investors with additional understanding of the group’s
performance if consistently calculated, properly used and
presented. However, when improperly used and presented, these
non-GAAP measures can mislead investors and may mask the real
financial performance and position. There is judgement on
whether items should be excluded from underlying profit or free
cash flow.
A key adjustment between the statutory results and the
underlying results relates to the foreign exchange rates used to
translate foreign currency transactions and balances. The
underlying results reflect the achieved rate on foreign currency
derivative contracts settled in the period and retranslates assets
and liabilities at the foreign currency rates at which they are
expected to be realised or settled in the future. As the group can
influence which derivative contracts are settled in each
reporting period it has the ability to influence the achieved rate
and hence the underlying results. This risk is more limited for
free cash flow as there are a small number of items that are
excluded from free cash flows.
During the year, the group excluded £69m of credits from the
net release of onerous contract and Trent-1000 provisions and
a net £22m of credits associated with changes to the group’s
pension schemes from underlying profit before tax. In addition,
£65m of impairment charges and £47m of restructuring costs
have also been excluded.
the translation of foreign currency amounts and obtained
corroborative evidence for these.
We also considered whether there were items that were
recorded within underlying profit that are exceptional in
nature and should be reported as an exceptional item. No such
material items were identified. As part of this assessment we
challenged management’s rationale for the designation of
certain items as exceptional or one-off and assessed such items
against the group’s accounting policy, considering the nature
and value of those items.
Within underlying results, foreign currency transactions are
presented at rates achieved on derivative contracts hedging
the net operating cash flows of the group and monetary assets
and liabilities are retranslated at rates forecast to be achieved
on derivative contracts when the associated cash flows occur.
We have agreed these forecast rates to the profile of the
derivatives that are expected to mature in the future and tested
their application to the relevant monetary assets and liabilities.
We audited the reconciling items between the underlying
profit before tax and free cash flow disclosed in note 27
including verifying that the items adjusted for are consistent
with the prior period. We also considered whether free cash
flow contains material one-off items which require further
disclosure.
We assessed the appropriateness and completeness of the
disclosures of the impact of one-off or non-underlying items
primarily in notes 1, 2, 4 and 27 to the consolidated financial
statements and found them to be appropriate. This included
assessing the explanations management provided on the
reconciling items between underlying performance and
statutory performance in note 2.
Overall we found that the classification judgements made by
management were in line with their policy for underlying
results and exceptional items, had been consistently applied
and there are no material uncorrected misstatements resulting
from our testing.
How we tailored the audit scope
We tailored the scope of our audit to ensure that we performed enough work to be able to give an opinion on the financial statements
as a whole, taking into account the structure of the group and the company, the accounting processes and controls, and the industry
in which they operate.
Our scoping is based on the group’s consolidation structure. We define a component as a single reporting unit which feeds into the
group consolidation. Of the group’s 422 reporting components, 33 individual components (including three joint ventures) were subject
to full scope audits for group purposes, which following an element of sub-consolidation, equates to 16 group reporting opinions; and
nine components performed targeted specified audit procedures.
In order to achieve audit coverage over the financial statements, under our audit methodology, we test both the design and operation
of relevant business process controls and perform substantive testing over each financial statement line item.
The group operates Finance Service Centres (FSCs) to bulk process financial transactions in Derby (UK), Indianapolis (US) and Bengaluru
(India). Based on our assessment it is not possible to fully test revenue and profit centrally as certain key processes, such as long-term
contracting, remain within the business due to their nature and are not handled by the FSCs.
Our audit covered 98% of revenue, 79% of loss before tax from continuing operations and 90% of total assets. All entities that contribute
in excess of 1% of the group’s revenue were included in scope.
Further specific audit procedures over central functions, the group consolidation and areas of significant judgement (including
corporate costs, taxation, certain goodwill balances, intangible assets, treasury and post-retirement benefits) were directly led by the
group audit team.
Where work was performed by component auditors, we determined the level of involvement we needed to have in the audit work at
those reporting units to be able to conclude whether sufficient appropriate audit evidence had been obtained as a basis for our opinion
on the consolidated financial statements.
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We issued formal written instructions to all component auditors setting out the audit work to be performed by each of them and
maintained regular communication with the component auditors throughout the audit cycle. These interactions included attending
certain component clearance meetings and holding regular conference calls, as well as reviewing and assessing any matters reported.
The group engagement team also reviewed selected audit working papers for certain component teams to evaluate the sufficiency of
audit evidence obtained and fully understand the matters arising from the component audits.
In addition, senior members of the group engagement team have visited component teams across all group segments in the UK, US and
Germany. These visits were in-person for these locations. They included meetings with the component auditor and with local management.
The impact of climate risk on our audit
As part of our audit we made enquiries of management to understand the process management adopted to assess the extent of the
potential impact of climate risk on the group’s and company’s financial statements and to support the disclosures made within the
Sustainability section of the Strategic report. In addition to enquiries with management, we understood the governance process in place
to assess climate risk, reviewed the group’s assessment of climate related risk including both physical and transition risks and read
additional reporting made on climate including its Carbon Disclosure Project public submission and the group’s separate Climate Review
which incorporates disclosures in line with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial disclosure (TCFD) framework.
We held meetings with management including the group’s sustainability team to consider the completeness of management’s climate
risk assessment and its consistency with internal climate plans and board minutes, including whether the time horizons management
have used take account of all relevant aspects of climate change such as transition risks. We also considered the consistency with the
group’s communications on climate related impacts. The group has publicly set out its target to achieve net carbon zero from operations
by 2030 (excluding product testing and development), a target for a 50% reduction in total scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030 and net
zero 2050 commitments albeit the pathway to these commitments is not fully developed.
We considered the following areas which depend on medium to long term profit or cash flow forecasts to potentially be materially
impacted by climate risk and consequently we focused our audit work in these areas: long-term contract accounting in the UK Civil
business (including contract loss provisions); the recoverability of deferred tax assets in the UK; the recoverability of the carrying value
of goodwill and certain intangible assets and the company’s investments in subsidiary undertakings on the company balance sheet. Our
findings were reported to and discussed with the Audit Committee and management. Where significant, further details of how climate
change has been considered in these areas and our audit response is given in the key audit matters above.
To respond to the audit risks identified in these areas we tailored our audit approach to address these, in particular, we:
– Deployed our valuation experts to benchmark carbon pricing and key commodity price forecasts against forecasts of future prices
and found them to be materially reasonable. These have been incorporated by management in their forecasts of the group’s future
cost base for long-term contract accounting and associated provisions as well as scenarios utilised in assessing the recoverability
of deferred tax assets, goodwill and other assets;
– Considered the reasonableness of management’s assertion that climate change is unlikely to have a material impact on aviation
demand by comparing management’s EFH forecasts against other industry benchmarks;
– Verifying that the capital and cash costs of the group’s climate change commitments have been incorporated in the group’s forecasts
including those used for going concern and the disclosures around the viability of the group that are included in the Strategic Report;
– Considered whether management had adequately reflected the risk of regulatory changes or demand changes to the extent known
in the useful economic lives and recoverable value of other intangible assets including those related to diesel engines produced by
Power Systems;
– Validated management’s judgement that climate change is unlikely to have a material impact on other estimates as at 31 December
2022 including the recoverability of inventory or the expected credit loss provision associated with trade receivables and contract
assets by considering the short timeframe these assets are expected to be utilised compared to the period over which transition
and physical risks are expected to arise; and
– Where appropriate, performed independent sensitivity analysis to determine to what extent reasonably possible changes in the
climate related assumptions in the group’s forecasts could result in material changes to the impacted balances and assessed the
appropriateness of the associated disclosures.
We also considered the consistency of the disclosures in relation to climate change (including the disclosures in the Sustainability
section of the Strategic Report) within the Annual Report and the separate Climate Review with the financial statements and our
knowledge obtained from our audit. This included considering the models management used in the TCFD scenario analysis and if the
assumptions in those models are consistent with the assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements.
The group has incorporated an estimate within its forecasts of the associated costs for its 2030 commitments to reach net zero for
facilities and to reduce scope 1 and 2 emissions by 50%. As disclosed within the Sustainability section of the Strategic Report and the
Climate Review the achievement of net zero by 2050 will require significant change across the aviation sector in particular, including
widespread adoption of Sustainable Aviation Fuels or other alternative fuel sources. Management has not included the incremental
cost of this over and above the costs to achieve its 2030 targets in its longer term forecasts, based on the assumptions that such costs
can be passed onto customers and will occur after the average life of the current existing contracts.
Our procedures did not identify any material impact in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole for the year ended
31 December 2022. The future estimated financial impacts of climate risk are clearly uncertain given the medium to long term timeframes
involved and their dependency on how Governments, global markets, corporations and society respond to the issue of climate change
and the speed of technological advancements that may be necessary. Accordingly, financial statements cannot capture all possible
future outcomes as these are not yet known.
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Materiality
The scope of our audit was influenced by our application of materiality. We set certain quantitative thresholds for materiality. These,
together with qualitative considerations, helped us to determine the scope of our audit and the nature, timing and extent of our audit
procedures on the individual financial statement line items and disclosures and in evaluating the effect of misstatements, both
individually and in aggregate on the financial statements as a whole.
Based on our professional judgement, we determined materiality for the financial statements as a whole as follows:
Financial statements - group Financial statements - company
Overall
materiality
£80m (2021: £80m). £70m (2021: £76m).
How we
determined it
Based on approximately 0.6% of five year average
underlying revenues from continuing operations (2021:
approximately 0.6% of four year average underlying
revenues from continuing and discontinued
operations)
Based on approximately 1.0% of five year average
revenues (2021: Based on approximately 1.0% of four
year average revenues)
Rationale for
benchmark
applied
We have consistently used underlying revenue to
determine materiality as opposed to a profit based
benchmark. This is because there is considerable
volatility in profit before tax as a result of revenue
recognition under IFRS 15 and from the fair value
movement in the group’s derivatives. Underlying
revenue continues to be a key performance metric for
the group and is more stable than the profit metric.
However, from 2020 COVID-19 introduced additional
volatility that impacted benchmarks. To mitigate this
we have used a five year average underlying revenue
measure to calculate materiality. ITP Aero, which was
classified as a discontinued operation, has now been
sold and therefore we have excluded its contribution
to revenue over this five year period in determining
our materiality.
We determined our materiality based on total assets,
which is more applicable than a performance-related
measure as the company is an investment holding
company for the group. The higher company
materiality level was used for the purposes of testing
balances not relevant to the group audit, such as
investments in subsidiary undertakings and
intercompany balances.
For each component in the scope of our group audit, we allocated a materiality that is less than our overall group materiality. The range
of materiality allocated across components was between £4m and £67m. Certain components were audited to a local statutory audit
materiality that was also less than our overall group materiality.
We use performance materiality to reduce to an appropriately low level the probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and
undetected misstatements exceeds overall materiality. Specifically, we use performance materiality in determining the scope of our
audit and the nature and extent of our testing of account balances, classes of transactions and disclosures, for example in determining
sample sizes. Our performance materiality was 75% (2021: 75%) of overall materiality, amounting to £60m (2021: £60m) for the group
financial statements and £53m (2021: £57m) for the company financial statements.
In determining the performance materiality, we considered a number of factors - the history of misstatements, risk assessment and
aggregation risk and the effectiveness of controls - and concluded that an amount at the upper end of our normal range was appropriate.
We agreed with the Audit Committee of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc (the company's ultimate parent company) that we would report to
them misstatements identified during our audit above £3m (group audit) (2021: £3m) and £3m (company audit) (2021: £3m) as well as
misstatements below those amounts that, in our view, warranted reporting for qualitative reasons.
Conclusions relating to going concern
Our evaluation of the directors’ assessment of the group's and the company’s ability to continue to adopt the going concern basis of
accounting included:
— Testing the model used for management’s going concern assessment which is primarily a liquidity assessment given there are no
significant financial covenants in its committed debt facilities. Management’s assessment covered the 18 months to August 2024. We
focussed on this period and also considered the subsequent four months to the end of 2024.
— Management’s base case forecasts are based on its normal budget and forecasting process for each of its businesses for the next
five years. We understood and assessed this process by business including the assumptions used for 2023 and 2024 and assessed
whether there was adequate support for these assumptions. We also considered the reasonableness of the monthly phasing of cash
flows. A similar assessment was performed of both downside and stressed downside cash flows, including understanding of the
scenarios modelled by management, how they were quantified and the resultant monthly phasing of the downside and stressed
downside cash flow forecasts.
— We have read and understood the key terms of all committed debt facilities to understand any terms, covenants or undertakings
that may impact the availability of the facility.
— Using our knowledge from the audit and assessment of previous forecasting accuracy we calculated our own sensitivities to apply
to management's cash flow forecasts. We overlaid these on management’s forecasts to arrive at our own view of management’s
downside forecasts. This included consideration of management's assessment of the impact of climate change and the likelihood of
any downside risks crystallising in the period to August 2024.
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153
— We considered the potential mitigating actions that management may have available to it to reduce costs, manage cash flows or
raise additional financing and assessed whether these were within the control of management and possible in the period of the
assessment.
— We assessed the adequacy of disclosures in the Going Concern statement and statements in note 1 of the consolidated and company
financial statements and found these appropriately reflect the key areas of uncertainty identified.
Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually
or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the group's and the company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at
least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.
In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the
preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.
However, because not all future events or conditions can be predicted, this conclusion is not a guarantee as to the group's and the
company's ability to continue as a going concern.
In relation to the directors’ reporting on how they have applied the UK Corporate Governance Code, we have nothing material to add
or draw attention to in relation to the directors’ statement in the financial statements about whether the directors considered it
appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of accounting.
Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this
report.
Reporting on other information
The other information comprises all of the information in the Annual Report other than the financial statements and our auditors’ report
thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information, which includes reporting based on the Task Force on Climate-related
Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and, accordingly,
we do not express an audit opinion or, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in this report, any form of assurance thereon.
In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider
whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or
otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify an apparent material inconsistency or material misstatement, we are required
to perform procedures to conclude whether there is a material misstatement of the financial statements or a material misstatement of
the other information. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other
information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report based on these responsibilities.
With respect to the Strategic report and Directors’ report, we also considered whether the disclosures required by the UK Companies
Act 2006 have been included.
Based on our work undertaken in the course of the audit, the Companies Act 2006 requires us also to report certain opinions and
matters as described below.
Strategic report and Directors’ report
In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of the audit, the information given in the Strategic report and Directors’
report for the year ended 31 December 2022 is consistent with the financial statements and has been prepared in accordance with
applicable legal requirements.
In light of the knowledge and understanding of the group and company and their environment obtained in the course of the audit, we
did not identify any material misstatements in the Strategic report and Directors’ report.
Corporate governance statement
The Listing Rules require us to review the directors’ statements in relation to going concern, longer-term viability and that part of the
corporate governance statement relating to the company’s compliance with the provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code
specified for our review. Our additional responsibilities with respect to the corporate governance statement as other information are
described in the Reporting on other information section of this report.
Based on the work undertaken as part of our audit, we have concluded that each of the following elements of the corporate governance
statement, included within the governance report is materially consistent with the financial statements and our knowledge obtained
during the audit, and we have nothing material to add or draw attention to in relation to:
— The directors’ confirmation that they have carried out a robust assessment of the emerging and principal risks;
— The disclosures in the Annual Report that describe those principal risks, what procedures are in place to identify emerging risks
and an explanation of how these are being managed or mitigated;
— The directors’ statement in the financial statements about whether they considered it appropriate to adopt the going concern basis
of accounting in preparing them, and their identification of any material uncertainties to the group’s and company’s ability to
continue to do so over a period of at least twelve months from the date of approval of the financial statements;
— The directors’ explanation as to their assessment of the group's and company’s prospects, the period this assessment covers and
why the period is appropriate; and
— The directors’ statement as to whether they have a reasonable expectation that the company will be able to continue in operation
and meet its liabilities as they fall due over the period of its assessment, including any related disclosures drawing attention to any
necessary qualifications or assumptions.
Our review of the directors’ statement regarding the longer-term viability of the group and company was substantially less in scope
than an audit and only consisted of making inquiries and considering the directors’ process supporting their statement; checking that
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
154
the statement is in alignment with the relevant provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code; and considering whether the statement
is consistent with the financial statements and our knowledge and understanding of the group and company and their environment
obtained in the course of the audit.
In addition, based on the work undertaken as part of our audit, we have concluded that each of the following elements of the corporate
governance statement is materially consistent with the financial statements and our knowledge obtained during the audit:
— The directors’ statement that they consider the Annual Report, taken as a whole, is fair, balanced and understandable, and provides
the information necessary for the members to assess the group’s and company's position, performance, business model and strategy;
— The section of the Annual Report that describes the review of effectiveness of risk management and internal control systems; and
— The section of the Annual Report describing the work of the Audit Committee of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc (the company's ultimate
parent company).
We have nothing to report in respect of our responsibility to report when the directors’ statement relating to the company’s compliance
with the Code does not properly disclose a departure from a relevant provision of the Code specified under the Listing Rules for review
by the auditors.
Responsibilities for the financial statements and the audit
Responsibilities of the directors for the financial statements
As explained more fully in the Statement of Directors’ responsibilities in respect of the Financial Statements, the directors are responsible
for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the applicable framework and for being satisfied that they give a true
and fair view. The directors are also responsible for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of
financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the group’s and the company’s ability to continue as a
going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the
directors either intend to liquidate the group or the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.
Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material
misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high
level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement
when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could
reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.
Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our
responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our
procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud, is detailed below.
Based on our understanding of the group and industry, we identified that the principal risks of non-compliance with laws and regulations
related to the regulations of country aviation authorities such as the Civil Aviation Authority, import and export restrictions including
sanctions, and the UK Bribery Act, and we considered the extent to which non-compliance might have a material effect on the financial
statements. We also considered those laws and regulations that have a direct impact on the financial statements such as the Listing
Rules of the UK Financial Conduct Authority, the Companies Act 2006 and tax legislation. We evaluated management’s incentives and
opportunities for fraudulent manipulation of the financial statements (including the risk of override of controls), and determined that
the principal risks were related to (1) posting inappropriate journal entries to manipulate financial results; (2) management bias in
accounting estimates such as long-term contract accounting and associated provisions, the recoverability of intangible programme
assets, and deferred tax asset recognition; (3) the sale of Civil engines to joint ventures for no clear commercial purpose or above
market prices; and (4) inappropriately including or excluding transactions from the group's underlying or free cash flow alternative
performance metrics. The group engagement team shared this risk assessment with the component auditors so that they could include
appropriate audit procedures in response to such risks in their work. Audit procedures performed by the group engagement team
and/or component auditors included:
— Discussions throughout the year with management, internal audit, the group’s internal and external legal counsel, and the head of
ethics and compliance, including consideration of known or suspected instances of non-compliance with laws and regulation and
fraud;
— Reading the minutes of the group's Safety, Ethics & Sustainability committee and assessment of 'speak-up' matters reported through
the group's Ethics Line and the results of management’s investigation of such matters;
— Reading the minutes of Board meetings to identify any inconsistencies with other information provided by management;
— Reviewing legal expense accounts to identify significant legal spend that may be indicative of non-compliance with laws and
regulations;
— Challenging assumptions and judgements made by management in determining significant accounting estimates (because of the
risk of management bias), in particular in relation to long-term contract accounting and associated provisions, the recoverability of
programme assets, and the recoverability of deferred tax assets (see related key audit matters above);
— Identifying and testing unusual journal entries, in particular journal entries posted with unusual account combinations, and testing
all material consolidation journals; and
— Challenging why certain items are excluded or included from underlying profit or free cash flow and review of disclosures included
in the Annual Report explaining and reconciling alternative performance measures to statutory metrics.
There are inherent limitations in the audit procedures described above. We are less likely to become aware of instances of non-
compliance with laws and regulations that are not closely related to events and transactions reflected in the financial statements. Also,
Independent Auditors’ Report Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
155
the risk of not detecting a material misstatement due to fraud is higher than the risk of not detecting one resulting from error, as fraud
may involve deliberate concealment by, for example, forgery or intentional misrepresentations, or through collusion.
Our audit testing might include testing complete populations of certain transactions and balances, possibly using data auditing
techniques. However, it typically involves selecting a limited number of items for testing, rather than testing complete populations. We
will often seek to target particular items for testing based on their size or risk characteristics. In other cases, we will use audit sampling
to enable us to draw a conclusion about the population from which the sample is selected.
A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the FRC’s website at:
www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditors’ report.
Use of this report
This report, including the opinions, has been prepared for and only for the company’s members as a body in accordance with Chapter
3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006 and for no other purpose. We do not, in giving these opinions, accept or assume responsibility
for any other purpose or to any other person to whom this report is shown or into whose hands it may come save where expressly
agreed by our prior consent in writing.
Other required reporting
Companies Act 2006 exception reporting
Under the Companies Act 2006 we are required to report to you if, in our opinion:
— we have not obtained all the information and explanations we require for our audit; or
— adequate accounting records have not been kept by the company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from
branches not visited by us; or
— certain disclosures of directors’ remuneration specified by law are not made; or
— the company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns.
We have no exceptions to report arising from this responsibility.
Appointment
Following the recommendation of the Audit Committee of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc (the company's ultimate parent company), we were
appointed by the members on 3 May 2018 to audit the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2018 and subsequent
financial periods. The period of total uninterrupted engagement is five years, covering the years ended 31 December 2018 to
31 December 2022.
Other matter
In due course, as required by the Financial Conduct Authority Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rule 4.1.14R, these financial
statements will form part of the ESEF-prepared annual financial report filed on the National Storage Mechanism of the Financial Conduct
Authority in accordance with the ESEF Regulatory Technical Standard (‘ESEF RTS’). This auditors’ report provides no assurance over
whether the annual financial report will be prepared using the single electronic format specified in the ESEF RTS.
Ian Chambers (Senior Statutory Auditor)
for and on behalf of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Accountants and Statutory Auditors
London
23 February 2023
Other Financial Information Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
156
OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange rate movements influence the reported
income statement, the cash flow and closing net funds balance.
The average and spot rates for the principal trading currencies
of the Group are shown in the table below:
£m
2022 2021
Change
USD per
GBP
Year-end
spot rate
1.20 1.35 -11%
Average
spot rate
1.24 1.38 -10%
EUR per
GBP
Year-end
spot rate
1.13 1.19 -5%
Average
spot rate
1.17 1.16 +1%
The Group’s global corporate income tax
contribution
The Group’s total corporation tax payments in 2022 were
£174m. Around 90% of this is paid in the US, Germany,
Singapore and Canada. Together with the UK, where tax losses
are currently generated (see note 5), the operations in these
countries are where the majority of the Group’s business is
undertaken, and employees are based. The balance of tax
payments are made in around 40 other countries.
In common with most multinational groups, the total of all
profits and losses for corporate income tax purposes is not the
same as the consolidated loss before taxation reported on
page 45.
The main reasons for this are:
(i) the consolidated income statement is prepared under IFRS,
whereas the corporate income tax profits and losses for
each company are determined by local accounting rules;
(ii) accounting rules require certain income and costs relating
to our commercial activities to be eliminated from, or
added to, the aggregate of all the profits of the Group
companies when preparing the consolidated income
statement (consolidation adjustments); and
(iii) specific tax rules including exemptions or incentives as
determined by the tax laws in each country.
In most cases, paragraphs (i) and (ii) above are only a matter of
timing and therefore tax will be paid in an earlier or later year.
The impact of paragraph (iii) above will often be permanent
depending on the relevant tax law. Further information on the
tax position of the Group can be found as follows:
— Rolls-Royce Holdings plc Audit Committee Report (page 73
of the Rolls-Royce Holdings plc Financial Statements) –
updates were given to the Audit Committee during the year
which covered key sources of estimation uncertainty, in
particular the recognition of deferred tax assets;
— note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (pages 58
and 59) ‒ details of key areas of uncertainty and
accounting policies for tax; and
— note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (page 75)
‒ details of the tax balances in the Consolidated Financial
Statements together with a tax reconciliation. This explains
the main drivers of the tax rate and the impact of our
assessment on the recovery of UK deferred tax assets.
Information on the Group’s approach to managing its tax affairs
can be found at www.rolls-royce.com.
Investments and capital expenditure
The Group subjects all major investments and capital
expenditure to a rigorous examination of risks and future cash
flows to ensure that they create shareholder value. All major
investments, including the launch of major programmes,
require Board approval.
The Group has a portfolio of projects at different stages of their
lifecycles. All of our major investments and projects are
assessed using a range of financial metrics, including
discounted cash flow and return on investment.
Financial risk management
The Board has established a structured approach to financial
risk management. The Financial risk committee (Frc) is
accountable for managing, reporting and mitigating the
Group’s financial risks and exposures. These risks include the
Group’s principal counterparty, currency, interest rate,
commodity price, liquidity and credit rating risks outlined in
more depth in note 19. The Frc is chaired by the Chief Financial
Officer. The Group has a comprehensive financial risk policy
that advocates the use of financial instruments to manage and
hedge business operations risks that arise from movements in
financial, commodities, credit or money markets. The Group’s
policy is not to engage in speculative financial transactions.
The Frc sits quarterly to review and assess the key risks and
agree any mitigating actions required.
Capital structure
£m
202
2
202
1
Total equity
(5,657)
(4,278)
Cash flow hedges
(26)
45
Group capital
(5,683)
(4,233)
Net
debt
(3,251)
(5,157)
Operations are funded through various shareholders’ funds,
bank borrowings, bonds and notes. The capital structure of the
Group reflects the judgement of the Board as to the
appropriate balance of funding required. Funding is secured
by the Group’s continued access to the global debt markets.
Borrowings are funded in various currencies using derivatives
where appropriate to achieve a required currency and interest
rate profile. The Board’s objective is to retain sufficient
financial investments and undrawn facilities to ensure that the
Group can both meet its medium-term operational
commitments and cope with unforeseen obligations and
opportunities.
The Group holds cash and short-term investments which,
together with the undrawn committed facilities, enable it to
manage its liquidity risk.
During the year, the Group repaid the £2.0bn loan, supported
by an 80% guarantee from UK Export Finance.
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157
During the year, the Group entered into a new £1.0bn loan,
maturing in 2027 (supported by an 80% guarantee from UK
Export Finance).
The £2.5bn revolving credit facility, the £1.0bn UKEF-supported
loan, the £1.0bn sustainability linked UKEF-supported loan and
£1.0bn bank loan were undrawn at the year end.
At the year end, the Group retained aggregate liquidity of
£8.1bn, including cash and cash equivalents of £2.6bn and
undrawn borrowing facilities of £5.5bn.
The Group has no material debt maturities until 2024. The
maturity profile of the borrowing facilities is regularly reviewed
to ensure that refinancing levels are manageable in the context
of the business and market conditions. There are no rating
triggers in any borrowing facility that would require the facility
to be accelerated or repaid due to an adverse movement in the
Group’s credit rating. The Group conducts some of its business
through a number of joint ventures. A major proportion of the
debt of these joint ventures is secured on the assets of the
respective companies and is non-recourse to the Group. This
debt is further outlined in note 16.
Credit rating
£m
Rating
Outlook
Moody’s Investors
Service
Ba3- Stable
Standard & Poor’s
BB
-
Positive
Fitch
BB
-
Positive
The Group subscribes to Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch
for independent long-term credit ratings with the ratings in the
table above being applicable at the date of this report.
Accounting
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in
accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS), as adopted by the UK.
No new accounting standards had a material impact in 2022.
During the year, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 37
Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets for
Onerous Contracts – Cost of Fulfilling a Contract on 1 January
2022. As a result of the amendment, the cumulative effect of
adopting the amendment has been recognised as an
adjustment to opening balance of retained earnings and
provisions. See page 54 for further detail.
Other than IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts described on page 65,
where the Group is in the process of concluding its analysis of
whether there is any further impact as a result of adopting the
new standard, the Group does not consider that any other
standards, amendments or interpretations issued by the IASB,
but not yet applicable will have a significant impact on the
Consolidated Financial Statements in 2023.
Alternative Performance Measures Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
158
RECONCILIATION OF ALTERNATIVE PERFORMANCE MEASURES (APMs) TO THEIR STATUTORY
EQUIVALENT
Alternative Performance Measures (APMs)
Business performance is reviewed and managed on an underlying basis. These alternative performance measures reflect the economic
substance of trading in the year, including the impact of the Group’s foreign exchange activities. In addition, a number of other APMs
are utilised to measure and monitor the Group’s performance.
Definitions and reconciliations to the relevant statutory measure are included below.
Underlying results from continuing operations
Underlying results include underlying revenue and underlying operating profit. Underlying results are presented by recording all
relevant revenue and cost of sales transactions at the average exchange rate achieved on effective settled derivative contracts in the
period that the cash flow occurs. Underlying results also exclude: the effect of acquisition accounting and business disposals, impairment
of goodwill and other non-current assets where the reasons for the impairment are outside of normal operating activities, exceptional
items and certain other items which are market driven and outside of managements control. Statutory results have been adjusted for
discontinued operations and underlying results from continuing operations have been presented on the same basis. Further detail can
be found in notes 2 and 26.
Revenue from continuing operations
2022
£m
2021
£m
Statutory
revenue
13,520
11,218
Derivative
and
FX adjustments
(829)
(271)
Underlying revenue
12,691
10,947
Operating profit from continuing operations
2022
£m
2021
£m
Statutory
oper
ating
profit
837
513
Derivative
and
FX adjustments
(264)
40
Programme exceptional charges
(69)
(105)
Restructuring exceptional credits/(charges)
47
(45)
Acquisition accounting
and
M&A
58
50
Impairments
65
(9)
Pension past
service
credit
(22)
(47)
Other underlying adjustments
–
17
Underlying operating
profit
652
414
Underlying results from discontinued operations
Results
from
dis
continu
ed
operations
2022
£m
2021
£m
Profit
for
the year
from
discontinued operations on ordinary activities
68
36
Costs of disposal on discontinued operations prior to disposal
‒
(39)
Loss
on disposal
of discontinued operations
(148)
‒
Statutory operating loss
(80)
(3)
Derivative
and
FX adjustments
(1)
5
Restructuring exceptional charges
‒
(1)
Acquisition accounting
and
M&A
179
64
Related tax effects
(3
1
)
(14)
Underlying
operating
profit
67
51
Organic change
Organic change is the measure of change at constant translational currency applying full year 2021 average rates to 2022. The movement
in underlying change to organic change is reconciled below.
All amounts below are shown on an underlying basis and reconciled to the nearest statutory measure above.
Total group income statement
2022
£m
2021
£m
Change
£m
FX
£m
Organic
change
£m
Organic
change
%
Revenue
12,691
10,947
1,744
210
1,534
14%
Gross profit
2,477
1,996
481
45
436
22%
Operating profit
652
414
238
41
197
48%
Net
financing costs
(446)
(378)
(68)
(3)
(65)
17%
Profit
before taxation
206
36
170
38
132
367%
Taxation
(48)
(26)
(22)
(6)
(16)
62%
Profit for the year from continuing operations
158
10
148
32
116
1160%
Alternative Performance Measures Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
159
Civil Aerospace
2022
£m
2021
£m
Change
£m
FX
£m
Organic
change
£m
Organic
change
%
Underlying revenue
5,686
4,536
1,150
24
1,126
25%
Underlying OE revenue
1,982
1,612
370
(4) 374
23%
Underlying services revenue
3,704
2,924
780
28
752
26%
Underlying gross profit
853
474
379
20
359
76%
Commercial and administrative costs
(371)
(297)
(74)
(3)
(71)
24%
Research and development costs
(452)
(434)
(18)
(3)
(15)
3%
Joint ventures and associates
113
85
28
5
23
27%
Underlying operating
profit/(loss)
143
(172)
315
19
296
nm
Defence
2022
£m
2021
£m
Change
£m
FX
£m
Organic
change
£m
Organic
change
%
Underlying revenue
3,660
3,368
292
214
78
2%
Underlying OE revenue
1,634
1,411
223
87
136
10%
Underlying services revenue
2,026
1,957
69
127
(58)
(3)%
Underlying gross profit
726
721
5
33
(28)
(
4
)
%
Commercial and administrative costs
(174)
(161)
(13)
(7)
(6)
4%
Research and development costs
(122)
(105)
(17)
(8)
(9)
9%
Joint ventures and
associates
2
2
–
1
(1)
–
Underlying operating profit
432
457
(25)
19
(44)
(10)%
Power Systems
2022
£m
2021
£m
Change
£m
FX
£m
Organic
change
£m
Organic
change
%
Underlying revenue
3,347
2,749
598
(28)
626
23%
Underlying OE revenue
2,187
1,744
443
(19)
462
26%
Underlying services revenue
1,160
1,005
155
(9)
164
16%
Underlying gross profit
918
778
140
(8)
148
19%
Commercial and administrative costs
(441)
(383)
(58)
4
(62)
16%
Research and
development costs
(204)
(157)
(47)
2
(49)
31%
Joint ventures and associates
8
4
4
–
4
–
Underlying operating profit
281
242
39
(2) 41
17%
New Markets
2022
£m
2021
£m
Change
£m
FX
£m
Organic
change
£m
Organic
change
%
Underlying revenue
3
2
1
–
1
50%
Underlying OE revenue 1
–
1
–
1
–
Underlying services revenue 2
2
–
–
–
–
Underlying gross
(loss)/
profit
(1)
1
(2)
–
(2)
nm
Commercial and administrative costs
(23)
(3)
(20)
–
(20)
667%
Research and development costs
(108)
(68)
(40)
–
(40)
59%
Joint ventures and associates
–
–
–
–
–
–
Underlying operating loss
(132)
(70)
(62) –
(62) 89%
Alternative Performance Measures Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
160
Trading cash flow
Trading cash flow is defined as free cash flow (as defined below) before the deduction of recurring tax and post-employment benefit
expenses. Trading cash flow per segment is used as a measure of business performance for the relevant segments. For a reconciliation
of group trading cash flow to free cash flow and reported cash flow, see note 27.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Civil Aerospace
226
(1,670)
Defence
426
377
Power Systems
15
8
219
New Markets
(57)
(56)
Total reportable segments trading cash flow
75
3
(1,130)
Other businesses
5
(43)
Central and Inter
-
segment
(
50
)
(3
7
)
Trading cash flow from continuing operations
70
8
(1,21
0
)
Discontinued operations
(12)
46
Trading cash flow
69
6
(1,16
4
)
Underlying operating profit charge
exceeded by
contributions to defined benefit schemes
(32)
(92)
Tax
1
(174)
(185)
Free cash flow
49
0
(1,44
1
)
1
See page 48 for tax paid on statutory cash flow
Free cash flow
Free cash flow is a measure of financial performance of the businesses’ cash flow to see what is available for distribution among those
stakeholders funding the business (including debt holders and shareholders). Free cash flow is cash flows from operating activities,
including capital expenditure and movements in investments, capital elements of lease payments, interest paid and excluding amounts
spent or received on activity related to business acquisitions or disposals, financial penalties paid and exceptional restructuring
payments. Free cash flow from continuing operations has been presented to remove free cash flow from discontinued operations as
defined in note 26. For further detail, see note 27.
Free cash flow from cash flows from operating activities
2022
£m
2021
£m
Statutory cash flows from operating activities
1,849
(258)
Capital expenditure (including investment from NCI and movement in joint ventures, associates and other investments)
(512)
(489)
Capital element of lease payments
(218)
(374)
Interest paid
(352)
(331)
Settlement of excess derivatives
(326)
(452)
Exceptional restructuring costs
76
231
M&A costs
2
50
Financial penalties paid
–
156
Other
(29)
26
Free cash flow
490
(1,441)
D
iscontinued operations free
cash flow
1
1
4
(43)
Free cash flow from continuing operations
50
4
(1,484)
1
Discontinued operations free cash excludes: transactions with parent company of £(65)m (2021: £(15)m), movements in borrowings of £22m (2021: £22m), exceptional restructuring
costs of £nil (2021: £8m), M&A costs of £64m (2021: £44m) and other of £(6)m (2021: £29m)
Group R&D expenditure
R&D expenditure during the year excluding the impact of contributions and fees, including government funding, amortisation and
impairment of capitalised costs and amounts capitalised during the year. For further detail, see note 3.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Statutory research and development costs
(891)
(778)
Amortisation and impairment of capitalised cost
s
94
70
Capitalised as intangible assets
(131)
(105)
Contributions and fees
(359)
(366)
Gross R&D expenditure
(1,287)
(1,179)
Alternative Performance Measures Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
161
Key performance indicators
The following measures are key performance indicators and are calculated using APMs or statutory results. See below for calculation
of these key performance indicators.
Order backlog
Order backlog, also known as unrecognised revenue, is the amount of revenue on current contracts that is expected to be recognised
in future periods. Civil Aerospace OE orders where the customer has retained the right to cancel (for deliveries in the next seven to 12
months) are excluded. Further details are included in note 2 on page 70.
Self-funded R&D as a proportion of underlying revenue
Self-funded cash expenditure on R&D before any capitalisation or amortisation relative to underlying revenue. Self-funded R&D and
underlying revenue are presented for continuing operations in line with presentation in the statutory income statement.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Gross R&D expenditure
(1,287)
(1,179)
Contributions and fees
359
366
Self funded R&D
(928)
(813)
Underlying revenue
12,691
10,947
%
%
Self funded R&D as a %
of underlying revenue
7.3
7.4
Capital expenditure as a proportion of underlying revenue
Cash purchases of PPE in the year relative to underlying revenue presented for continuing operations. All proposed investments are
subject to rigorous review to ensure that they are consistent with forecast activity and will provide value for money. The Group measures
annual capital expenditure as the cash purchases of PPE acquired during the period.
2022
£m
2021
£m
Purchases of PPE (cash flow statement)
359
328
Less: c
apital expenditure from discontinued operations
(14)
(24)
Net capital
expenditure
345
304
Underlying revenue
12,691
10,947
%
%
Capital expenditure as a
proportion
of underlying revenue
2.7
2.8
Glossary Rolls-Royce plc Annual Report 2022
162
GLOSSARY
AAM
advanced air mobility
IASB
International Accounting Standards Board
APM
alternative performance measure
IFRS
International financial reporting standards
Articles
Articles of Association of Rolls
-
Royce plc
KPIs
key performance indicators
C&A
commercial and administrative
LIBOR
London inter
-
bank offered rate
CEO
chief
executive officer
LTIP
long
-
term incentive plan
Our
Code
Global Code of Conduct LTSA long-term service agreement
the Code
UK Corporate Governance Code 2018
M&A
mergers & acquisitions
Company
Rolls
-
Royce plc
MRO
maintenance, repair and
overhaul
D&I
diversity & inclusion
MW
megawatts
DoJ
US Department of Justice
OE
original equipment
DPAs
deferred prosecution agreements
PBT
profit before tax
DTR the FCA’s Disclosure Guidance and Transparency
Rules
PPE property, plant and equipment
EFH
engine flying hours
PSP
performance share plan
ERG
employee resource group
R&D
research and development
ESG
environment, social and governance
R&T
research and technology
EU European Union REACH registration, evaluation, authorisation and
restriction
of chemicals
EUR
euro
RMS
risk management system
EVTOL
electric vertical take
-
off and landing
RRH
Rolls
-
Royce Holdings plc
FCA
Financial
Conduct Authority
RRMS
Rolls
-
Royce management system
FX
foreign exchange
RRSAs
risk and revenue sharing arrangements
GBP
Great British pound or pound sterling
SAF
sustainable aviation fuel
GHG
greenhouse gas
SFO
UK Serious Fraud Office
Group
Rolls
-
Royce plc and its subsidiaries
SMR
small modular reactors
HPT
high pressure turbine
TCFD
Taskforce on Climate
-
related Financial Disclosures
HSE
health, safety and environment
TSR
total shareholder return
USD/US$
United States dollar